It is becoming increasingly recognized that education is a process which continues throughout adult life. The scope of adult and continuing education has widened in recent years and now included, in addition to the development of the individual through cultural，physical and craft pursuits, such subjects as basic education： education for disadvantaged groups and those with special needs such as ethnic minorities or the disabled； consumer education； health education； and pre-retirement education. Continuing education includes training for those in employment, to enable them to keep pace with technological change. The British government has taken a number of recent initiatives to improve opportunities for both adult and continuing education. In 1982 it launched a Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating Program,designed to help colleges and universities to meet the need to up-date and broaden the skills of those in mid-career in industry, commerce and the professions. A three-year program to encourage the expansion of educational opportunities for the adult unemployed was launched in 1984.Apart from provision for mature students at universities.courses are provided by further education collegesadult education centers residential colleges,the Open Universities and various other bodies including a number of voluntary organizations. Most of the provision is made by the local education authorities in a wide variety of establishments? including schools used for adult evening classes and community schools which provide educational t social and cultural opportunities for the wider community. Most courses are part-time. Local authorities also maintain or aid many courses lasting between a weekend and a fortnight. Long-term residential colleges, grant-aided by central government departments, provide courses of one or two years and aim to provided a liberal education without academic entry tests. Most students admitted are entitled to full maintenance grants.The two programs launched by the British government are designed for ______.

It is becoming increasingly recognized that education is a process which continues throughout adult life. The scope of adult and continuing education has widened in recent years and now included, in addition to the development of the individual through cultural，physical and craft pursuits, such subjects as basic education： education for disadvantaged groups and those with special needs such as ethnic minorities or the disabled； consumer education； health education； and pre-retirement education. Continuing education includes training for those in employment, to enable them to keep pace with technological change. The British government has taken a number of recent initiatives to improve opportunities for both adult and continuing education. In 1982 it launched a Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating Program,designed to help colleges and universities to meet the need to up-date and broaden the skills of those in mid-career in industry, commerce and the professions. A three-year program to encourage the expansion of educational opportunities for the adult unemployed was launched in 1984.Apart from provision for mature students at universities.courses are provided by further education collegesadult education centers residential colleges,the Open Universities and various other bodies including a number of voluntary organizations. Most of the provision is made by the local education authorities in a wide variety of establishments? including schools used for adult evening classes and community schools which provide educational t social and cultural opportunities for the wider community. Most courses are part-time. Local authorities also maintain or aid many courses lasting between a weekend and a fortnight. Long-term residential colleges, grant-aided by central government departments, provide courses of one or two years and aim to provided a liberal education without academic entry tests. Most students admitted are entitled to full maintenance grants.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?

It is becoming increasingly recognized that education is a process which continues throughout adult life. The scope of adult and continuing education has widened in recent years and now included, in addition to the development of the individual through cultural，physical and craft pursuits, such subjects as basic education： education for disadvantaged groups and those with special needs such as ethnic minorities or the disabled； consumer education； health education； and pre-retirement education. Continuing education includes training for those in employment, to enable them to keep pace with technological change. The British government has taken a number of recent initiatives to improve opportunities for both adult and continuing education. In 1982 it launched a Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating Program,designed to help colleges and universities to meet the need to up-date and broaden the skills of those in mid-career in industry, commerce and the professions. A three-year program to encourage the expansion of educational opportunities for the adult unemployed was launched in 1984.Apart from provision for mature students at universities.courses are provided by further education collegesadult education centers residential colleges,the Open Universities and various other bodies including a number of voluntary organizations. Most of the provision is made by the local education authorities in a wide variety of establishments? including schools used for adult evening classes and community schools which provide educational t social and cultural opportunities for the wider community. Most courses are part-time. Local authorities also maintain or aid many courses lasting between a weekend and a fortnight. Long-term residential colleges, grant-aided by central government departments, provide courses of one or two years and aim to provided a liberal education without academic entry tests. Most students admitted are entitled to full maintenance grants.It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

Suggested Readings：Anne Allison, Nightwork： Sexuality，Pleasure and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club. Chicago： The University of Chicago Press，1994. Based on the author's participant observation，this book explores what it is like to work as a hostess in a club that caters to corporate male employees and discusses how that microculture is linked to men s corporate work culture.Fraces Dahlber, ed. Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. These path-breaking essays examine the role of women in four different foraging societies, provide insights on human evolution from studies of female chimpanzees，and give an overview of women's role in human cultural adaptation.Elliot Fratkin. Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya： Surviving Drought and Development in Africa s Arid Lands. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1988. Based on several phases of ethnographic research among lhe Ariaal beginning in the 1970s.this book provides insights about pastoral- ism in general and the particular cultural strategies of the Ariaal.including attention to social organization and family life.David Uru lyam.The Broken Hoe：cultural Reconfiguration in Biasc Southeast Nigeria. Chicago：The University of Chicago Press. 1995. Based on fieldwork among the Biase people by a scholar who is a member of a Biase group.this book examines changes since the 1970 in the traditional forms of subsistence —agriculture，fishing, and trade — and related issues such as environmental deterioration and population growth.Katherine S.Newman,Falling from Grace： The Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class. New York : The Free Press. 1988. This book provides ethnographic research on the downwardly mobile of New Jersey as a "special tribe." with attention to loss of employment by corporate managers and blue-collar workers.and the effects of downward mobility on middle-class family life-particularly women.Richard H. Robbins,Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. Boston: Longman，1999. Robins takes a critical look at the role of capitalism and global economic growth in creating and sustaining many world problems such as poverty，disease， hunger. violence，and environmental destruction. The last section includes extended case studies to support the argument.Deborah Sick.Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy. Dekalb： Northern Illinois University Press. 1999. This book is an ethnography of coffee-producing households in Costa Rica that describes the difficulties facing coffee farmers due to unpredictable global forces and the uncertain role of the state as a mediator between the global and the local.The two books published by lhe University Press of Chicago were written or edited by ______.

Suggested Readings：Anne Allison, Nightwork： Sexuality，Pleasure and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club. Chicago： The University of Chicago Press，1994. Based on the author's participant observation，this book explores what it is like to work as a hostess in a club that caters to corporate male employees and discusses how that microculture is linked to men s corporate work culture.Fraces Dahlber, ed. Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. These path-breaking essays examine the role of women in four different foraging societies, provide insights on human evolution from studies of female chimpanzees，and give an overview of women's role in human cultural adaptation.Elliot Fratkin. Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya： Surviving Drought and Development in Africa s Arid Lands. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1988. Based on several phases of ethnographic research among lhe Ariaal beginning in the 1970s.this book provides insights about pastoral- ism in general and the particular cultural strategies of the Ariaal.including attention to social organization and family life.David Uru lyam.The Broken Hoe：cultural Reconfiguration in Biasc Southeast Nigeria. Chicago：The University of Chicago Press. 1995. Based on fieldwork among the Biase people by a scholar who is a member of a Biase group.this book examines changes since the 1970 in the traditional forms of subsistence —agriculture，fishing, and trade — and related issues such as environmental deterioration and population growth.Katherine S.Newman,Falling from Grace： The Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class. New York : The Free Press. 1988. This book provides ethnographic research on the downwardly mobile of New Jersey as a "special tribe." with attention to loss of employment by corporate managers and blue-collar workers.and the effects of downward mobility on middle-class family life-particularly women.Richard H. Robbins,Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. Boston: Longman，1999. Robins takes a critical look at the role of capitalism and global economic growth in creating and sustaining many world problems such as poverty，disease， hunger. violence，and environmental destruction. The last section includes extended case studies to support the argument.Deborah Sick.Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy. Dekalb： Northern Illinois University Press. 1999. This book is an ethnography of coffee-producing households in Costa Rica that describes the difficulties facing coffee farmers due to unpredictable global forces and the uncertain role of the state as a mediator between the global and the local.The book that contains coffee farmers was published in ______.

If you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today： the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions. And if it were willing to pay,long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $ 13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1.6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $ 100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around S 50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $ 6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $ 150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation： getting tough with criminals is not the answer.By saying "it just might be the other way around”(para.2), the writer means ______.

If you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today： the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions. And if it were willing to pay,long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $ 13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1.6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $ 100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around S 50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $ 6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $ 150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation： getting tough with criminals is not the answer.It is wrong to blame the police or judges for not being hard on criminals partly because ______.

If you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today： the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions. And if it were willing to pay,long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $ 13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1.6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $ 100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around S 50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $ 6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $ 150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation： getting tough with criminals is not the answer.The cost for constructing prisons is ______.

If you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today： the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions. And if it were willing to pay,long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $ 13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1.6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $ 100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around S 50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $ 6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $ 150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation： getting tough with criminals is not the answer.The writer of the passage bases his argument mainly upon ______.

If you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today： the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions. And if it were willing to pay,long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $ 13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1.6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $ 100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around S 50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $ 6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $ 150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation： getting tough with criminals is not the answer.The tone of the passage is ______.