English is a vacuum cleaner language； it is able and willing to adopt any words it finds useful.Places,peoples, tongues from around lhe world all have become part of the English vocabulary. They give it flexibility and provide a certain sense of familiarity for people who speak it as a second or foreign language.According to the Oxford English Dictionary , English contains words from more than 350 living languages.“English is a free market,” says Allan Metacalf, author of 1 he World in So Many Words. "Guardians of other languages tend to become alarmed when they notice foreign words creeping in. They say, * I hat's a terrible thing； keep them out. Bui English is multicultural."Linguistic historians believe that English began to absorb other languages on a large scale in 1066. That was the year when King William. a Norman from what is now France, conquered England. That meant English speakers were ruled by French speakers. The English language had to make some changes.During the Renaissance, words flowed into English from Latin and Greek. The Age of Exploration introduced new terms from all corners of the world.And America changed everything. America began as an English-speaking land but its language has been and is still shaped by generations of immigrants. Each new group brings new ideas and new expressions. Irish, Italians* Germans, Eastern Europeans. Latinos, Africans^ Asians—all change English in some degree.Mass culture makes adoptions easier. Todaytwords like kungfu and chow are no longer odd Chinese words； they have gone mainstream.Then there are words invented or given new meanings when English needs them. Some words like e-mail .blurb and fax enter the mainstream. Others like laser begin life as acro- nyms(首字母缩略)for things that otherwise would be too difficult to say in everyday conversation.Of course,language cannot be separated from culture* and importation depends on the situation. It also depends on whether the word remains useful.Linguists predict that foreign words will flow into English even faster as more nonnative speakers reach global leadership positions. The pace will increase, but it still will be English,which always is ready to accept new words. This is because English is a practical language with a long tradition of borrowing.The word borrowed from Chinese is ______.

English is a vacuum cleaner language； it is able and willing to adopt any words it finds useful.Places,peoples, tongues from around lhe world all have become part of the English vocabulary. They give it flexibility and provide a certain sense of familiarity for people who speak it as a second or foreign language.According to the Oxford English Dictionary , English contains words from more than 350 living languages.“English is a free market,” says Allan Metacalf, author of 1 he World in So Many Words. "Guardians of other languages tend to become alarmed when they notice foreign words creeping in. They say, * I hat's a terrible thing； keep them out. Bui English is multicultural."Linguistic historians believe that English began to absorb other languages on a large scale in 1066. That was the year when King William. a Norman from what is now France, conquered England. That meant English speakers were ruled by French speakers. The English language had to make some changes.During the Renaissance, words flowed into English from Latin and Greek. The Age of Exploration introduced new terms from all corners of the world.And America changed everything. America began as an English-speaking land but its language has been and is still shaped by generations of immigrants. Each new group brings new ideas and new expressions. Irish, Italians* Germans, Eastern Europeans. Latinos, Africans^ Asians—all change English in some degree.Mass culture makes adoptions easier. Todaytwords like kungfu and chow are no longer odd Chinese words； they have gone mainstream.Then there are words invented or given new meanings when English needs them. Some words like e-mail .blurb and fax enter the mainstream. Others like laser begin life as acro- nyms(首字母缩略)for things that otherwise would be too difficult to say in everyday conversation.Of course,language cannot be separated from culture* and importation depends on the situation. It also depends on whether the word remains useful.Linguists predict that foreign words will flow into English even faster as more nonnative speakers reach global leadership positions. The pace will increase, but it still will be English,which always is ready to accept new words. This is because English is a practical language with a long tradition of borrowing.According to linguists,the borrowing of foreign words will ______.

Blaming the media for violence is misguided. To better understand the issue of violence and society, it is helpful to examine its historical roots. Certainly not all tribal societies were violent. For example» many native tribes in the American southwest were entirely peaceful. However for most tribal people throughout most of the world, war and violence have always been part of life. One of our oldest books, the Old Testament, tells of constant tribal wars among the peoples of the Middle East. Likewise, ancient texts such as the Greek Iliad 3 the Indian Bhagavad-Gita and the Nordic Beowul f all tell tales of war and violence. Certainly the peoples of ancient Babylonia. Greece• India, and Scandinavia were not influenced by the media, yet most of the earliest human records indicate that violence has been an ever-present part of human life. Since violence was with us long before modern media, it seems unlikely that controlling the media now would have much impact on stopping human violence.A comparison of violence in nations around the world indicates that there is no relationship between media violence and real violence. In the United States, in 1996, there were 9,390 gun-related deaths. In the same year, Japan had 15 gun-related deaths. Yet the level of violence on television in Japan is higher than that in the U.S. Japanese TV often depicts graphic violence that would not be allowed on U.S. television, and Japanese movie-goers see the same major Hollywood films that Americans see, but street crime is so rare in Tokyo that most people do not worry about it. In contrast, in American cities, people in general, and women in particular, are afraid to walk alone at night. Security is an ever-present concern in the U.S. , where citizens limit their lives in numerous ways to 【reduce the chances of joining】 the 11 »000 people who are killed by guns in America each year. However, the number of murders in the U.S. is small compared to Columbia, where, for example， 23,000 people were murdered in 1999. Columbians have much less exposure to media violence than either Americans or Japanese： they have fewer I'V stations and watch fewer films. Indeed, those committing murders in Columbia are often people from the countryside who have the least exposure to the media. Phus people who are not exposed to the media are often more likely to commit violent crimes than those exposed to it. Since C anada borders the U. S.，Canadians receive the same TV and radio programs that Americans receive, yet gun violence in Canada is nearly one hundred times lower than that in the U. S. Clearly there is no significant relationship between media violence and real life violence. We need to look elsewhere for solutions to real-life violence.The author cites the examples of ancient texts in the first paragraph to show that ______.

Blaming the media for violence is misguided. To better understand the issue of violence and society, it is helpful to examine its historical roots. Certainly not all tribal societies were violent. For example» many native tribes in the American southwest were entirely peaceful. However for most tribal people throughout most of the world, war and violence have always been part of life. One of our oldest books, the Old Testament, tells of constant tribal wars among the peoples of the Middle East. Likewise, ancient texts such as the Greek Iliad 3 the Indian Bhagavad-Gita and the Nordic Beowul f all tell tales of war and violence. Certainly the peoples of ancient Babylonia. Greece• India, and Scandinavia were not influenced by the media, yet most of the earliest human records indicate that violence has been an ever-present part of human life. Since violence was with us long before modern media, it seems unlikely that controlling the media now would have much impact on stopping human violence.A comparison of violence in nations around the world indicates that there is no relationship between media violence and real violence. In the United States, in 1996, there were 9,390 gun-related deaths. In the same year, Japan had 15 gun-related deaths. Yet the level of violence on television in Japan is higher than that in the U.S. Japanese TV often depicts graphic violence that would not be allowed on U.S. television, and Japanese movie-goers see the same major Hollywood films that Americans see, but street crime is so rare in Tokyo that most people do not worry about it. In contrast, in American cities, people in general, and women in particular, are afraid to walk alone at night. Security is an ever-present concern in the U.S. , where citizens limit their lives in numerous ways to 【reduce the chances of joining】 the 11 »000 people who are killed by guns in America each year. However, the number of murders in the U.S. is small compared to Columbia, where, for example， 23,000 people were murdered in 1999. Columbians have much less exposure to media violence than either Americans or Japanese： they have fewer I'V stations and watch fewer films. Indeed, those committing murders in Columbia are often people from the countryside who have the least exposure to the media. Phus people who are not exposed to the media are often more likely to commit violent crimes than those exposed to it. Since C anada borders the U. S.，Canadians receive the same TV and radio programs that Americans receive, yet gun violence in Canada is nearly one hundred times lower than that in the U. S. Clearly there is no significant relationship between media violence and real life violence. We need to look elsewhere for solutions to real-life violence.The author uses Japanese. Columbian and Canadian examples to show that real-life violence and media violence _____.

Blaming the media for violence is misguided. To better understand the issue of violence and society, it is helpful to examine its historical roots. Certainly not all tribal societies were violent. For example» many native tribes in the American southwest were entirely peaceful. However for most tribal people throughout most of the world, war and violence have always been part of life. One of our oldest books, the Old Testament, tells of constant tribal wars among the peoples of the Middle East. Likewise, ancient texts such as the Greek Iliad 3 the Indian Bhagavad-Gita and the Nordic Beowul f all tell tales of war and violence. Certainly the peoples of ancient Babylonia. Greece• India, and Scandinavia were not influenced by the media, yet most of the earliest human records indicate that violence has been an ever-present part of human life. Since violence was with us long before modern media, it seems unlikely that controlling the media now would have much impact on stopping human violence.A comparison of violence in nations around the world indicates that there is no relationship between media violence and real violence. In the United States, in 1996, there were 9,390 gun-related deaths. In the same year, Japan had 15 gun-related deaths. Yet the level of violence on television in Japan is higher than that in the U.S. Japanese TV often depicts graphic violence that would not be allowed on U.S. television, and Japanese movie-goers see the same major Hollywood films that Americans see, but street crime is so rare in Tokyo that most people do not worry about it. In contrast, in American cities, people in general, and women in particular, are afraid to walk alone at night. Security is an ever-present concern in the U.S. , where citizens limit their lives in numerous ways to 【reduce the chances of joining】 the 11 »000 people who are killed by guns in America each year. However, the number of murders in the U.S. is small compared to Columbia, where, for example， 23,000 people were murdered in 1999. Columbians have much less exposure to media violence than either Americans or Japanese： they have fewer I'V stations and watch fewer films. Indeed, those committing murders in Columbia are often people from the countryside who have the least exposure to the media. Phus people who are not exposed to the media are often more likely to commit violent crimes than those exposed to it. Since C anada borders the U. S.，Canadians receive the same TV and radio programs that Americans receive, yet gun violence in Canada is nearly one hundred times lower than that in the U. S. Clearly there is no significant relationship between media violence and real life violence. We need to look elsewhere for solutions to real-life violence.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that the safest country is _____.

Blaming the media for violence is misguided. To better understand the issue of violence and society, it is helpful to examine its historical roots. Certainly not all tribal societies were violent. For example» many native tribes in the American southwest were entirely peaceful. However for most tribal people throughout most of the world, war and violence have always been part of life. One of our oldest books, the Old Testament, tells of constant tribal wars among the peoples of the Middle East. Likewise, ancient texts such as the Greek Iliad 3 the Indian Bhagavad-Gita and the Nordic Beowul f all tell tales of war and violence. Certainly the peoples of ancient Babylonia. Greece• India, and Scandinavia were not influenced by the media, yet most of the earliest human records indicate that violence has been an ever-present part of human life. Since violence was with us long before modern media, it seems unlikely that controlling the media now would have much impact on stopping human violence.A comparison of violence in nations around the world indicates that there is no relationship between media violence and real violence. In the United States, in 1996, there were 9,390 gun-related deaths. In the same year, Japan had 15 gun-related deaths. Yet the level of violence on television in Japan is higher than that in the U.S. Japanese TV often depicts graphic violence that would not be allowed on U.S. television, and Japanese movie-goers see the same major Hollywood films that Americans see, but street crime is so rare in Tokyo that most people do not worry about it. In contrast, in American cities, people in general, and women in particular, are afraid to walk alone at night. Security is an ever-present concern in the U.S. , where citizens limit their lives in numerous ways to 【reduce the chances of joining】 the 11 »000 people who are killed by guns in America each year. However, the number of murders in the U.S. is small compared to Columbia, where, for example， 23,000 people were murdered in 1999. Columbians have much less exposure to media violence than either Americans or Japanese： they have fewer I'V stations and watch fewer films. Indeed, those committing murders in Columbia are often people from the countryside who have the least exposure to the media. Phus people who are not exposed to the media are often more likely to commit violent crimes than those exposed to it. Since C anada borders the U. S.，Canadians receive the same TV and radio programs that Americans receive, yet gun violence in Canada is nearly one hundred times lower than that in the U. S. Clearly there is no significant relationship between media violence and real life violence. We need to look elsewhere for solutions to real-life violence.The phrase "reduces the chances of joining... (para.2) may be replaced by _____.

Blaming the media for violence is misguided. To better understand the issue of violence and society, it is helpful to examine its historical roots. Certainly not all tribal societies were violent. For example» many native tribes in the American southwest were entirely peaceful. However for most tribal people throughout most of the world, war and violence have always been part of life. One of our oldest books, the Old Testament, tells of constant tribal wars among the peoples of the Middle East. Likewise, ancient texts such as the Greek Iliad 3 the Indian Bhagavad-Gita and the Nordic Beowul f all tell tales of war and violence. Certainly the peoples of ancient Babylonia. Greece• India, and Scandinavia were not influenced by the media, yet most of the earliest human records indicate that violence has been an ever-present part of human life. Since violence was with us long before modern media, it seems unlikely that controlling the media now would have much impact on stopping human violence.A comparison of violence in nations around the world indicates that there is no relationship between media violence and real violence. In the United States, in 1996, there were 9,390 gun-related deaths. In the same year, Japan had 15 gun-related deaths. Yet the level of violence on television in Japan is higher than that in the U.S. Japanese TV often depicts graphic violence that would not be allowed on U.S. television, and Japanese movie-goers see the same major Hollywood films that Americans see, but street crime is so rare in Tokyo that most people do not worry about it. In contrast, in American cities, people in general, and women in particular, are afraid to walk alone at night. Security is an ever-present concern in the U.S. , where citizens limit their lives in numerous ways to 【reduce the chances of joining】 the 11 »000 people who are killed by guns in America each year. However, the number of murders in the U.S. is small compared to Columbia, where, for example， 23,000 people were murdered in 1999. Columbians have much less exposure to media violence than either Americans or Japanese： they have fewer I'V stations and watch fewer films. Indeed, those committing murders in Columbia are often people from the countryside who have the least exposure to the media. Phus people who are not exposed to the media are often more likely to commit violent crimes than those exposed to it. Since C anada borders the U. S.，Canadians receive the same TV and radio programs that Americans receive, yet gun violence in Canada is nearly one hundred times lower than that in the U. S. Clearly there is no significant relationship between media violence and real life violence. We need to look elsewhere for solutions to real-life violence.According to the passage, those who are the least exposed to media violence are citizens of______.

A fellow speaker from California named Geri was excited about her first speech in Japan. To be comfortable on her long flight to Tokyo.she put on her favorite designer jeans and a casual jacket. Fourteen hours later, four perfectly dressed Japanese gentlemen greeted her at Narita Airport. Smiling and bowing low. they handed her their business cards. With her carry-on bag in one hand，Geri took their cards with the other. She thanked them, glanced briefly at the cards.and packed them safely into her back pocket. She then gave them her card.When the five of them arrived at the hotel. they invited Geri to tea in the lobby. While sipping tea.the gentlemen presented her with a small gift which she eagerly opened. One of Geri's most charming qualities is her instinctive warmth. She was thrilled with the gift and Un typical Geri style,she squealed，“Oh,it's beautiful!as she gave each of the gentlemen a little hug.At this point, the four Japanese gentlemen stood up in union and，bowing only very slightly, mumbled “Sayonara” and promptly left. Poor Geri was left stunned. What did she do wrong?Everything! Her jeans was the first gaffe. Even if you're coming off a bicycle in Japan, you do not meet clients casually dressed. The second mistake was (Jeri s vulgar handling of their business cards. In Japan.the business card is one of the most important protocol tools. It is always presented and accepted respectfully with both hands. However, Geri put their cards away much too quickly. In Japan, people use business cards as a conversation starter. You chat about each other's cards and work and do not put theirs away until they gently and respectfully place yours in safekeeping. Shoving it into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect.Then,The fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients. In a land where saving face is critical.it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received. What is worse,Geri hadn't even given them a gift!The four Japanese businessmen invited Geri to tea _______.

A fellow speaker from California named Geri was excited about her first speech in Japan. To be comfortable on her long flight to Tokyo.she put on her favorite designer jeans and a casual jacket. Fourteen hours later, four perfectly dressed Japanese gentlemen greeted her at Narita Airport. Smiling and bowing low. they handed her their business cards. With her carry-on bag in one hand，Geri took their cards with the other. She thanked them, glanced briefly at the cards.and packed them safely into her back pocket. She then gave them her card.When the five of them arrived at the hotel. they invited Geri to tea in the lobby. While sipping tea.the gentlemen presented her with a small gift which she eagerly opened. One of Geri's most charming qualities is her instinctive warmth. She was thrilled with the gift and Un typical Geri style,she squealed，“Oh,it's beautiful!as she gave each of the gentlemen a little hug.At this point, the four Japanese gentlemen stood up in union and，bowing only very slightly, mumbled “Sayonara” and promptly left. Poor Geri was left stunned. What did she do wrong?Everything! Her jeans was the first gaffe. Even if you're coming off a bicycle in Japan, you do not meet clients casually dressed. The second mistake was (Jeri s vulgar handling of their business cards. In Japan.the business card is one of the most important protocol tools. It is always presented and accepted respectfully with both hands. However, Geri put their cards away much too quickly. In Japan, people use business cards as a conversation starter. You chat about each other's cards and work and do not put theirs away until they gently and respectfully place yours in safekeeping. Shoving it into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect.Then,The fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients. In a land where saving face is critical.it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received. What is worse,Geri hadn't even given them a gift!The word “gaffe” in the 4th paragraph can be replaced by

A fellow speaker from California named Geri was excited about her first speech in Japan. To be comfortable on her long flight to Tokyo.she put on her favorite designer jeans and a casual jacket. Fourteen hours later, four perfectly dressed Japanese gentlemen greeted her at Narita Airport. Smiling and bowing low. they handed her their business cards. With her carry-on bag in one hand，Geri took their cards with the other. She thanked them, glanced briefly at the cards.and packed them safely into her back pocket. She then gave them her card.When the five of them arrived at the hotel. they invited Geri to tea in the lobby. While sipping tea.the gentlemen presented her with a small gift which she eagerly opened. One of Geri's most charming qualities is her instinctive warmth. She was thrilled with the gift and Un typical Geri style,she squealed，“Oh,it's beautiful!as she gave each of the gentlemen a little hug.At this point, the four Japanese gentlemen stood up in union and，bowing only very slightly, mumbled “Sayonara” and promptly left. Poor Geri was left stunned. What did she do wrong?Everything! Her jeans was the first gaffe. Even if you're coming off a bicycle in Japan, you do not meet clients casually dressed. The second mistake was (Jeri s vulgar handling of their business cards. In Japan.the business card is one of the most important protocol tools. It is always presented and accepted respectfully with both hands. However, Geri put their cards away much too quickly. In Japan, people use business cards as a conversation starter. You chat about each other's cards and work and do not put theirs away until they gently and respectfully place yours in safekeeping. Shoving it into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect.Then,The fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients. In a land where saving face is critical.it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received. What is worse,Geri hadn't even given them a gift!According to the passage,the Japanese consider it _______.