Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. With three minutes left in a game between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Celtics , LeBron James hits a 3-pointer,causingthe announcer to note "the score is 89-85,a 4-point differential. "Cars have differentials, but do basketball scores have differentials? Why not instead use the simple word "difference?" What attracts this announcer to the word "differential?" The same thing, I suppose, that attracts television news reporters and newspaper journalists to the word "replicate, "when copy will do nicely. The same people are also likely to reach for "recalibrate, "when what they have in mind is usually nothing more than "reconsider. "Why are people, especially many who make their livings through the use of language, attracted by these and so many other hollow words? Those who use these imprecise words must feel a happy sense of possessing a rich vocabulary . Lacing their own speech and writing with these new words makes them feel not only well-informed but educated. The words also happen to be examples of what H. W . Fowler , author of "A Dictionary of Modern English Usage，＂called＂novelty-hunting（猎奇），＂or ＂the casting about for words of which one can feel not that they give one's meaning more intelligently or exactly than those the man in the street would have used in expressing the same thing, but that they are not the ones that would have occurred to him. " Fowler thought the use of such words a "useful outward sign of inner dullness. "His advice was to avoid such people, but, he added, "unluckily they hunt in packs. "Words have their vogues（流行性）. Fowler again：＂Every now ＆then a word emerges from obscurity（含糊），or even from nothingness or a merely potential ＆ not actual existence， into sudden popularity. . . Ready acceptance of vogue words seems to some people the sign of an alert mind; to others it stands for the herd instinct &lack of individuality. "The close observation of language, pressing words for exact meanings, has always been important, but has become even more so since the rise in significance of the news media in politics. In the corruption of language, the media, to do a bit of novelty-hunting, make for an everyday superspreader event. Language changes and change is the first rule of language . But there's good and bad change, and to allow language to wander off into obscure realms is to sacrifice accuracy of communication and give up hope of discovering the truth about politics or indeed about human affairs generally. What did Fowler say about those who go in for" novelty-hunting"?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. With three minutes left in a game between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Celtics , LeBron James hits a 3-pointer,causingthe announcer to note "the score is 89-85,a 4-point differential. "Cars have differentials, but do basketball scores have differentials? Why not instead use the simple word "difference?" What attracts this announcer to the word "differential?" The same thing, I suppose, that attracts television news reporters and newspaper journalists to the word "replicate, "when copy will do nicely. The same people are also likely to reach for "recalibrate, "when what they have in mind is usually nothing more than "reconsider. "Why are people, especially many who make their livings through the use of language, attracted by these and so many other hollow words? Those who use these imprecise words must feel a happy sense of possessing a rich vocabulary . Lacing their own speech and writing with these new words makes them feel not only well-informed but educated. The words also happen to be examples of what H. W . Fowler , author of "A Dictionary of Modern English Usage，＂called＂novelty-hunting（猎奇），＂or ＂the casting about for words of which one can feel not that they give one's meaning more intelligently or exactly than those the man in the street would have used in expressing the same thing, but that they are not the ones that would have occurred to him. " Fowler thought the use of such words a "useful outward sign of inner dullness. "His advice was to avoid such people, but, he added, "unluckily they hunt in packs. "Words have their vogues（流行性）. Fowler again：＂Every now ＆then a word emerges from obscurity（含糊），or even from nothingness or a merely potential ＆ not actual existence， into sudden popularity. . . Ready acceptance of vogue words seems to some people the sign of an alert mind; to others it stands for the herd instinct &lack of individuality. "The close observation of language, pressing words for exact meanings, has always been important, but has become even more so since the rise in significance of the news media in politics. In the corruption of language, the media, to do a bit of novelty-hunting, make for an everyday superspreader event. Language changes and change is the first rule of language . But there's good and bad change, and to allow language to wander off into obscure realms is to sacrifice accuracy of communication and give up hope of discovering the truth about politics or indeed about human affairs generally. Who favors vogue words according to Fowler?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. With three minutes left in a game between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Celtics , LeBron James hits a 3-pointer,causingthe announcer to note "the score is 89-85,a 4-point differential. "Cars have differentials, but do basketball scores have differentials? Why not instead use the simple word "difference?" What attracts this announcer to the word "differential?" The same thing, I suppose, that attracts television news reporters and newspaper journalists to the word "replicate, "when copy will do nicely. The same people are also likely to reach for "recalibrate, "when what they have in mind is usually nothing more than "reconsider. "Why are people, especially many who make their livings through the use of language, attracted by these and so many other hollow words? Those who use these imprecise words must feel a happy sense of possessing a rich vocabulary . Lacing their own speech and writing with these new words makes them feel not only well-informed but educated. The words also happen to be examples of what H. W . Fowler , author of "A Dictionary of Modern English Usage，＂called＂novelty-hunting（猎奇），＂or ＂the casting about for words of which one can feel not that they give one's meaning more intelligently or exactly than those the man in the street would have used in expressing the same thing, but that they are not the ones that would have occurred to him. " Fowler thought the use of such words a "useful outward sign of inner dullness. "His advice was to avoid such people, but, he added, "unluckily they hunt in packs. "Words have their vogues（流行性）. Fowler again：＂Every now ＆then a word emerges from obscurity（含糊），or even from nothingness or a merely potential ＆ not actual existence， into sudden popularity. . . Ready acceptance of vogue words seems to some people the sign of an alert mind; to others it stands for the herd instinct &lack of individuality. "The close observation of language, pressing words for exact meanings, has always been important, but has become even more so since the rise in significance of the news media in politics. In the corruption of language, the media, to do a bit of novelty-hunting, make for an everyday superspreader event. Language changes and change is the first rule of language . But there's good and bad change, and to allow language to wander off into obscure realms is to sacrifice accuracy of communication and give up hope of discovering the truth about politics or indeed about human affairs generally. What does the author call for by writing this passage?

Passage 5 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The appeal of self-driving cars seems obvious: just relax and enjoy the ride. But how will life change when entire communities embrace them? Anew town in Essex is the first in Britain to be built for the revolution. Chelmsford Garden Village, which will grow to about 10,000 homes, is future proofing itself for a world in which driverless cars are the norm. In the early phases, there will be parking spaces near the houses. However, these will gradually be converted to new uses, such as public gardens, and residents will instead be able to summon driverless vehicles from a car park in the suburbs of town. When they are finished, the cars will return themselves. Jeremy Potter, city planning manager at Chelmsford city council, said:" If you've only got a certain amount of space，you want to maximize（最大化）it for things that are really useful . A car is only useful for a person when they're using it. The rest of the time, it's just taking up space, on the road or drive, which could be reimagined for trees, play space. "The planned garden village is near a large park and ride site. "This allows the residential environment to be free of cars, "Potter said. The first phase of the development, with 4,350 homes, will have a railway station and rapid bus service ,and is being designed as a ＂15-minute neighbourhood＂ with amenities（便利设施）in easy walking and cycling distance to cut short car journeys. Building of the next 5,500 homes will begin in the mid-2020s. Moves are under way to reduce car dependence across the country because of fears that planners are forcing developers to pave over garden space for parking. Research by Create Streets, a social enterprise, found some councils require three parking spaces for a four-bedroom house near a railway station. Others insist on at least two spaces for a property with three or fewer bedrooms. Nicholas Smith, chairman of the government's Building Better , Building Beautiful commission ,said:" We are forcing people in new developments to take car parking places they increasingly won't want or need. It's ridiculous. It should be for homeowners to decide what is needed, not for artificial parking levels to be imposed. "Parking places should be removed in the future world of car clubs and easy green transport. It will rarely be necessary for new homes to have permanent parking places in town or city centres, and not more than one or two in suburbs or countryside. "What can be learned about Chelmsford Garden Village from Paragraph 1?

Passage 5 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The appeal of self-driving cars seems obvious: just relax and enjoy the ride. But how will life change when entire communities embrace them? Anew town in Essex is the first in Britain to be built for the revolution. Chelmsford Garden Village, which will grow to about 10,000 homes, is future proofing itself for a world in which driverless cars are the norm. In the early phases, there will be parking spaces near the houses. However, these will gradually be converted to new uses, such as public gardens, and residents will instead be able to summon driverless vehicles from a car park in the suburbs of town. When they are finished, the cars will return themselves. Jeremy Potter, city planning manager at Chelmsford city council, said:" If you've only got a certain amount of space，you want to maximize（最大化）it for things that are really useful . A car is only useful for a person when they're using it. The rest of the time, it's just taking up space, on the road or drive, which could be reimagined for trees, play space. "The planned garden village is near a large park and ride site. "This allows the residential environment to be free of cars, "Potter said. The first phase of the development, with 4,350 homes, will have a railway station and rapid bus service ,and is being designed as a ＂15-minute neighbourhood＂ with amenities（便利设施）in easy walking and cycling distance to cut short car journeys. Building of the next 5,500 homes will begin in the mid-2020s. Moves are under way to reduce car dependence across the country because of fears that planners are forcing developers to pave over garden space for parking. Research by Create Streets, a social enterprise, found some councils require three parking spaces for a four-bedroom house near a railway station. Others insist on at least two spaces for a property with three or fewer bedrooms. Nicholas Smith, chairman of the government's Building Better , Building Beautiful commission ,said:" We are forcing people in new developments to take car parking places they increasingly won't want or need. It's ridiculous. It should be for homeowners to decide what is needed, not for artificial parking levels to be imposed. "Parking places should be removed in the future world of car clubs and easy green transport. It will rarely be necessary for new homes to have permanent parking places in town or city centres, and not more than one or two in suburbs or countryside. "Where will parking places be built in the early stages of the new town's construction?

Passage 5 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The appeal of self-driving cars seems obvious: just relax and enjoy the ride. But how will life change when entire communities embrace them? Anew town in Essex is the first in Britain to be built for the revolution. Chelmsford Garden Village, which will grow to about 10,000 homes, is future proofing itself for a world in which driverless cars are the norm. In the early phases, there will be parking spaces near the houses. However, these will gradually be converted to new uses, such as public gardens, and residents will instead be able to summon driverless vehicles from a car park in the suburbs of town. When they are finished, the cars will return themselves. Jeremy Potter, city planning manager at Chelmsford city council, said:" If you've only got a certain amount of space，you want to maximize（最大化）it for things that are really useful . A car is only useful for a person when they're using it. The rest of the time, it's just taking up space, on the road or drive, which could be reimagined for trees, play space. "The planned garden village is near a large park and ride site. "This allows the residential environment to be free of cars, "Potter said. The first phase of the development, with 4,350 homes, will have a railway station and rapid bus service ,and is being designed as a ＂15-minute neighbourhood＂ with amenities（便利设施）in easy walking and cycling distance to cut short car journeys. Building of the next 5,500 homes will begin in the mid-2020s. Moves are under way to reduce car dependence across the country because of fears that planners are forcing developers to pave over garden space for parking. Research by Create Streets, a social enterprise, found some councils require three parking spaces for a four-bedroom house near a railway station. Others insist on at least two spaces for a property with three or fewer bedrooms. Nicholas Smith, chairman of the government's Building Better , Building Beautiful commission ,said:" We are forcing people in new developments to take car parking places they increasingly won't want or need. It's ridiculous. It should be for homeowners to decide what is needed, not for artificial parking levels to be imposed. "Parking places should be removed in the future world of car clubs and easy green transport. It will rarely be necessary for new homes to have permanent parking places in town or city centres, and not more than one or two in suburbs or countryside. "What transport means will be less seen in the future residential area?

Passage 5 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The appeal of self-driving cars seems obvious: just relax and enjoy the ride. But how will life change when entire communities embrace them? Anew town in Essex is the first in Britain to be built for the revolution. Chelmsford Garden Village, which will grow to about 10,000 homes, is future proofing itself for a world in which driverless cars are the norm. In the early phases, there will be parking spaces near the houses. However, these will gradually be converted to new uses, such as public gardens, and residents will instead be able to summon driverless vehicles from a car park in the suburbs of town. When they are finished, the cars will return themselves. Jeremy Potter, city planning manager at Chelmsford city council, said:" If you've only got a certain amount of space，you want to maximize（最大化）it for things that are really useful . A car is only useful for a person when they're using it. The rest of the time, it's just taking up space, on the road or drive, which could be reimagined for trees, play space. "The planned garden village is near a large park and ride site. "This allows the residential environment to be free of cars, "Potter said. The first phase of the development, with 4,350 homes, will have a railway station and rapid bus service ,and is being designed as a ＂15-minute neighbourhood＂ with amenities（便利设施）in easy walking and cycling distance to cut short car journeys. Building of the next 5,500 homes will begin in the mid-2020s. Moves are under way to reduce car dependence across the country because of fears that planners are forcing developers to pave over garden space for parking. Research by Create Streets, a social enterprise, found some councils require three parking spaces for a four-bedroom house near a railway station. Others insist on at least two spaces for a property with three or fewer bedrooms. Nicholas Smith, chairman of the government's Building Better , Building Beautiful commission ,said:" We are forcing people in new developments to take car parking places they increasingly won't want or need. It's ridiculous. It should be for homeowners to decide what is needed, not for artificial parking levels to be imposed. "Parking places should be removed in the future world of car clubs and easy green transport. It will rarely be necessary for new homes to have permanent parking places in town or city centres, and not more than one or two in suburbs or countryside. "What did the research by Create Streets show?

Passage 5 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The appeal of self-driving cars seems obvious: just relax and enjoy the ride. But how will life change when entire communities embrace them? Anew town in Essex is the first in Britain to be built for the revolution. Chelmsford Garden Village, which will grow to about 10,000 homes, is future proofing itself for a world in which driverless cars are the norm. In the early phases, there will be parking spaces near the houses. However, these will gradually be converted to new uses, such as public gardens, and residents will instead be able to summon driverless vehicles from a car park in the suburbs of town. When they are finished, the cars will return themselves. Jeremy Potter, city planning manager at Chelmsford city council, said:" If you've only got a certain amount of space，you want to maximize（最大化）it for things that are really useful . A car is only useful for a person when they're using it. The rest of the time, it's just taking up space, on the road or drive, which could be reimagined for trees, play space. "The planned garden village is near a large park and ride site. "This allows the residential environment to be free of cars, "Potter said. The first phase of the development, with 4,350 homes, will have a railway station and rapid bus service ,and is being designed as a ＂15-minute neighbourhood＂ with amenities（便利设施）in easy walking and cycling distance to cut short car journeys. Building of the next 5,500 homes will begin in the mid-2020s. Moves are under way to reduce car dependence across the country because of fears that planners are forcing developers to pave over garden space for parking. Research by Create Streets, a social enterprise, found some councils require three parking spaces for a four-bedroom house near a railway station. Others insist on at least two spaces for a property with three or fewer bedrooms. Nicholas Smith, chairman of the government's Building Better , Building Beautiful commission ,said:" We are forcing people in new developments to take car parking places they increasingly won't want or need. It's ridiculous. It should be for homeowners to decide what is needed, not for artificial parking levels to be imposed. "Parking places should be removed in the future world of car clubs and easy green transport. It will rarely be necessary for new homes to have permanent parking places in town or city centres, and not more than one or two in suburbs or countryside. " How does Nicholas Smith feel about parking spaces in city centres ?

Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Magda King began her climbing career in Spain in the 1960s. Back then, Spanish climbers were conquering one summit after another in the Andes and Himalayas. One problem, though: they were all men. “No Spanish woman had ever summited an eight-thousand-meter peak," she said. ""I began asking myself, 'If a man can do it, why not a woman? In fact, why not me?""Setting conquering an eight-thousand-meter peak as her life's goal，Magda began climbing higher and higher mountains. In 1987, Magda assembled a team to climb Mt. Yalung Kang (8,505m) in Eastern Nepal, and she might very well have succeeded had the weather cooperated. “We were caught for six days at 20,000 feet in the worst storm in a century," she said. “There was so much snow that we had to come out of our tents every two hours to dig ourselves out. We survived on tea and soup. "Two years later, she tried again. This time, the goal was Mt. Cho Oyu (8,201m) on the Nepal-China border. Magda and another female climber, Monica Verge, literally raced up that mountain. The full impact of what they'd done did not strike them until they were safely back in Barcelona. “Being the first women to conquer an eight-thousand-meter peak, we'd essentially rewritten the history of Spanish mountaineering," Magda said. Even so, she was not prepared for the hero's welcome that awaited them when they returned. “We became instant celebrities," she said. "The president of Spain called to congratulate us. Total strangers would come up to us on the streets to shake our hands. We were even the answer to a question on a quiz show on Spanish TV. "Magda went on to conquer seven of the 14 highest peaks in the world. But by 1995, she was beginning to rethink her priorities. “T' d always looked for ways to fulfill my own dreams," she said. "Now I wanted to gain meaning and purpose by helping others. It was really a big shift for me. ”"She flew to Nepal to look for a project that might benefit the families of the Sherpas (夏尔巴人) who'd accompanied her on her Himalayan expeditions. What they needed most, she decided, was an education for their kids. Now Magda and her husband established a foundation dedicated to building schools in Nepal. So far, they've built seven schools. “Both the kids and their parents have received an education, and the standard of living has improved," Magda said. "We've learned that if you partner with people, miracles can and do happen. " Why did Magda King's team fail to conquer Mt. Yalung Kang?

Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Magda King began her climbing career in Spain in the 1960s. Back then, Spanish climbers were conquering one summit after another in the Andes and Himalayas. One problem, though: they were all men. “No Spanish woman had ever summited an eight-thousand-meter peak," she said. ""I began asking myself, 'If a man can do it, why not a woman? In fact, why not me?""Setting conquering an eight-thousand-meter peak as her life's goal，Magda began climbing higher and higher mountains. In 1987, Magda assembled a team to climb Mt. Yalung Kang (8,505m) in Eastern Nepal, and she might very well have succeeded had the weather cooperated. “We were caught for six days at 20,000 feet in the worst storm in a century," she said. “There was so much snow that we had to come out of our tents every two hours to dig ourselves out. We survived on tea and soup. "Two years later, she tried again. This time, the goal was Mt. Cho Oyu (8,201m) on the Nepal-China border. Magda and another female climber, Monica Verge, literally raced up that mountain. The full impact of what they'd done did not strike them until they were safely back in Barcelona. “Being the first women to conquer an eight-thousand-meter peak, we'd essentially rewritten the history of Spanish mountaineering," Magda said. Even so, she was not prepared for the hero's welcome that awaited them when they returned. “We became instant celebrities," she said. "The president of Spain called to congratulate us. Total strangers would come up to us on the streets to shake our hands. We were even the answer to a question on a quiz show on Spanish TV. "Magda went on to conquer seven of the 14 highest peaks in the world. But by 1995, she was beginning to rethink her priorities. “T' d always looked for ways to fulfill my own dreams," she said. "Now I wanted to gain meaning and purpose by helping others. It was really a big shift for me. ”"She flew to Nepal to look for a project that might benefit the families of the Sherpas (夏尔巴人) who'd accompanied her on her Himalayan expeditions. What they needed most, she decided, was an education for their kids. Now Magda and her husband established a foundation dedicated to building schools in Nepal. So far, they've built seven schools. “Both the kids and their parents have received an education, and the standard of living has improved," Magda said. "We've learned that if you partner with people, miracles can and do happen. "When did Magda King conquer Mt. Cho Oyu?