Early in World War II, the representatives of nine European governments fled to London. Nazi Germany had conquered much of Europe and had driven these leaders from their homelands. Representatives of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations met in London with the leaders of nine European nations. On June 12.1941, all these nations signed a declaration pledging to work for a free world， where people could live in peace and security. This pledge,usually called the Inter-Allied Declaration, was the first step toward building the UN.On October 30,1943, representatives of the United Kingdom, China, the Soviet U- nion, and the United States signed the Moscow Declaration on General Security. This declaration approved the idea of establishing an international organization for preserving world peace.From August to October 1944,representatives of the United Kingdom,China, the Soviet Union,and the United States held a series of meetings at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington D.C. The four nations succeeded in drawing up a basic plan, though they could not agree on some important questions. The plan's main feature was a Security Council on which the United Kingdom,China9 France,the Soviet Union, and the United States would be permanently represented.In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill,and Stalin met at Yalta in the Crimea. The three leaders announced that a conference of United Nations would open in San Francisco on April 25,1945. This conference would use the plan worked out at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference to help prepare a charter for the UN.Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on International Organization. The conference opened on April 25, 1945,13 days after the death of Roosevelt and 12 days before the surrender of Germany. Victory over Japan was still four months away.At the conference.some major disagreements arose between the Big Three (the United Kingdom,the Soviet Union, and the United States) and the smaller, less powerful nations. The Big Three believed they could guarantee future peace only if they continued to cooperate as they had during the war. They insisted that the Charter of the United Nations should give them the power to veto actions of the Security Council. The smaller nations opposed the veto power but failed to defeat it.On June 26,1945,all 50 nations present at the conference voted to accept the charter. Poland had been unable to attend but later signed the charter as an original member. The charter then had to be approved by the governments of the five permanent members of the Security Council and of a majority of the other nations that signed it. It went into effect on October 24,1945,a date celebrated every year as United Nations Day.The Moscow Declaration was signed by ______.

Laura House remembers the day with embarrassment. “Mom and I were on our way home after dinner when we stopped at an intersection,” she says. “When the light changed, the guy ahead of us was looking at a map of something and didn't move right away. I leaned on my horn and automatically yelled. I didn't even think about what I was doing. Mom's jaw just dropped. She said, ‘Well, I guess you've been living in the city too long.’ That's when I realized that my anger was out of control."According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger： The Misunderstood Emotion. the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience. She points out that almost no situation is improved by an angry outburst. Shouting, fuming, or leaning on the car horn won't make traffic begin to flow, make the screen unlock or make keys appear. Patience, on the other hand, is a highly practical virtue. People who take the time to cool down before responding to an anger-producing situation are far less likely to say or do something they will regret later.Anger-management therapist Doris Wilde agrees. "Like any feeling, anger lasts only about three seconds," she says. "What keeps it going is your own negative thinking."As long as you focus on the idiot who cut you off on the expressway, you'll stay angry. But if you let the incident go, your anger will go with it. "Once you come to understand that you're driving your own anger with your thoughts," adds Wilde, “you can stop it."Experts who have studied anger also encourage people to cultivate activities that effectively release their anger. For some people, it's reading newspapers or watching TV, while others need more active outlets （发泄渠道），such as taking a walk, hitting golf balls, or working out with a punching bag. People who succeed in calming their anger also enjoy the satisfaction of having dealt positively with their frustrations.For Laura House, her experience in the car with her mother was a wake-up call. “Once I saw what I was doing, it really wasn't that hard to develop different habits. I simply decided I was going to treat other people the way I would want to be treated. I'm a calmer, happier person now," she reports.The passage mainly deals with ______.

What is Happiness? 　　The right to pursue happiness is issued to us all with our birth, but no one seems quite sure what it is. 　　A holy man（献身于宗教的人）in India may think that happiness is in himself. It is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits still there with all attention to his religious contemplation（沉思）, free even of his own body, or nearly free of it. If some admirers bring him food he eats it; if not, he starves all the same. What is the outside world is nothing to him. His religious contemplation is his joy, the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within himself. 　　We Westerners, however, are taught that the more we have from outside ourselves, the happier we will be, and then we are made to want. We are even told it is our duty to want. Advertising, one of our major industries, exists not to satisfy these desires but to create them－and to create them faster than any man’s money in his pocket can satisfy them. It was only a few years ago, for example, that car dealers across the United States were flying banners that read “Your Happiness is Right Here! You Auto Buy Now!” They were calling upon Americans, as an act of showing the loving feeling towards the country, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles they did not really need. Or watch your TV for a few minutes. Then there must be someone, a lady or a gentleman, coming up to tell you: “Try it! The everlasting beauty and happiness must be yours!” 　　Obviously no half-foolish person can be completely persuaded either by such flying banners in the streets or by such ads on the TV. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy the dream of happiness as offered and spending millions upon millions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers. 　　I doubt the holy man’s idea of happiness, and I doubt the dreams of happiness-market, too. Whatever happiness may be, I believe, it is neither in having nothing nor in having more, but in changing－in changing the world and mankind into pure states. 　　To change is to make efforts to deal with difficulties. As Yeats, a great Irish poet, once put it, happiness we get for a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost, a great American poet, was thinking in almost the same terms when we spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”. 　　It is easy to understand. We even demand difficulty for the fun in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. And a game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are man-made difficulties. When the player ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to cast away all the rules, but the fun is in winning with in the rules. The same is true to happiness. The buyers and sellers at the happiness market seem to have lost their sense of the pleasure of difficulty. Heaven knows what they are playing, but it seems a dull game. And the Indian holy man seems dull to us, I suppose, because he seems to be refusing to play anything at all. The Western weakness may be in the dreams that happiness can be bought. Perhaps the Eastern weakness is in idea that there is such a thing as perfect happiness in man himself. Both of them forget a basic fact: no difficulty, no happiness. 4. The fun in a game is in 　　.

Nonverbal Communication 　　When we think of communication, we normally think of using words — talking face to face, writing messages and so on. But in fact, we communicate far more in other ways. Our eyes and facial expressions usually tell the truth even when our words do not. 　　Then there are gestures, often unconscious: raising the eyebrows, rubbing the nose, shrugging the shoulders, tapping the fingers, nodding and shaking the head. There is also the even more subtle "body language" of posture. Are you sitting — or standing — with arms or legs crossed? Is that person standing with hands in pockets, held in front of the body or hidden behind? Even the way we dress and colours we wear communicate things to others. 　　So, do animals communicate? Not in words, although a parrot might be trained to repeat words and phrases which it doesn't understand. But, as we have learnt, there is more to communication than words. 　　Take dogs for example. They bare their teeth to warn, wag their tails to welcome and stand firm, with hair erect（竖起）to challenge. These signals are surely canine（犬的）equivalent of the human body language of facial expression, gesture and posture. 　　Colour can be an important means of communication for animals. Many birds and fish changes colours, for example, to attract partners during the mating（交配）season. And mating itself is commonly preceded by a special dance in which both partners participate. 　　Here again, there are striking similarities to youngsters who dress up to meet partners at discotheques（迪斯科舞厅）, where the music is often too loud for verbal communication. Communication there takes place through appearance and movements. 　　The most elaborate（复杂的）dances in the animal kingdom are those which bees use to communicate. With body movements alone they can tell other bees the direction and distance of a newly discovered food source. 　　All these examples may suggest instinctive rather than intelligent communication. But human body language is largely instinctive, too. And, in many ways, body language says far more than intelligent, verbal communication ever can. Decide whether the following statements are true （T） or false （F） according to the information given in the passage. 5. In some manner, body language tells far more than words do.

New Applications Miriam Storley left the bank at 4:15 exactly. People along Division Street said you could set your watch by Miriam; she always left her job at eh First State Bank of Cannon Falls at this hour, Monday through Friday, except on holidays. On Fridays she returned to work the six-to-eight P.M. shift. One this particular day, a Monday, she stopped after closing the front door to the bank in order to look at the window display. Miriam had spent the better part of the afternoon arranging gift items in the bank’s window. First State, which is how everyone in town referred to the bank, was having a promotion in order to attract new business. They were offering gifts which ranged in value all the way from a pocket calulator to a color TV. The value of a new depositor’s gift depended on how much was initially deposited. The display in the window was attractive, but Miriam wondered where the new business was going to come from. Cannon Falls wasn’t a one-stoplight town, but it wasn’t a great metropolis either. There just weren’t that many people to warrant an extravagant new business promotion such as this. The bank manager, Al Gropin, had even invested in some full-page advertisements in the local paper and had hired some clowns to perform on the street in from of the bank---all to try to attract new customers. But Miriam didn’t linger long in front of the window, and she didn’t waste much time on her thoughts of Al’s grand schemes. Her mission today was the same as it had been every weekday for the past several weeks. She nodded at passers-by, shopkeepers, and neighbors as she walked purposefully along the wide sidewalk toward The Computer Shack. There was a pleasant expression on her face as she smiled and said her “hellos” and “good afternoons” and “how are yous” to the people she saw almost every day of her life. Her daily meeting with Officer Quanbeck never failed to amuse her. She smiled to herself as they exchanged greetings and wondered whether he would feel as stupid as he looked after she pulled off the crime of the century. “Right on time, as usual, eh, Mrs. Storley?” The thin, kindly-looking man behind the counter in The Computer Shack seemed to have a perpetual smile on his face. Every day for the past several weeks, Tobe Barksdale had a short, simple conversation with this woman from the bank down the street. She said she wanted to but the home computer which he had hooked up to a printer and which was fully operational, but so far all she did was sit and play with it. Tobe didn’t mind the intrusion, though. Even thought he opened his shop. Gleamingly filled with electronic toys and machines, at noon, the majority of his customers came after six P. M. At first he had closed the store at eight, but the numbers of people interested in the latest gadgetry forced him to stay open later and later, and now he wasn’t closing until ten o’clock. He could have insisted that his daily visitor make up her mind about the computer, or at least stop using the same program all the time, but she wasn’t really any bother, and lately she had acquired such a solid knowledge of the field that he actually enjoyed her increasingly complex questions. She challenged his imagination, probing to see just how far a computer could go, just how much a simple machine could do. Tobe probably knew as much about computer hardware and software as anybody in the entire town of Cannon Falls. Hardware and software. These were terms the general public rarely heard when Tobe began working a number of years back. Now, everyone used the terms to refer to the computers themselves and the programs which told the machines and operators what to do. Miriam Storley had a long way to go to catch up with Tobe in her knowledge of this complex field, but she seemed determined, and Tobe was a patient instructor. Each day she would come to him with a new type of problem, an unusual twist, a tricky flow of information or instructions which she wanted to master. Every day he would guide her through the intricacies of the model which was advertised as the “ latest, most technologically advanced home computer ever designed.” Every day she would listen and absorb, and then experiment for herself. She brought her own tapes and never seemed to tire of learning, even after a day’s work. Tobe believed in leaving people to themselves, so when the lesson was over and Miriam sat at the console, enwrapped in her task at hand, he busied himself in another part of the store. Miriam’s teen-age son, who liked to be called by the nickname Zee, had introduced her to the world of computers through his interest in video games. True, she dealt with computers at the bank every day in her job, but somehow they were just a part of the bank; they didn’t touch her. She learned from her son and, almost by accident--- as most great discoveries in the world seem to be---she discovered that the latest version of the home-type computers was actually compatible with the one she worked with in her office at First State. The idea came to her at the end of a particularly tiring day as she tallied the day’s receipts and entered them into her desk-top computer. It was foolproof! She could transfer funds from various accounts which were relatively inactive by tampering with the program. If she did it skillfully enough, she would never be caught. She would set up some fictitious accounts in other banks in the state, transfer funds, disguise herself and go to the other banks in order to withdraw the money, and then return the program to its original condition. No one would ever be able to figure out what she had done or where the money had gone. And even if they did trace it, they would never suspect her. How could they? She decided not to risk working on the program she needed at home, since Zee might see what she was doing. Tobe Barksdale’s shop was the perfect cover, and that pleasant man certainly wouldn’t suspect her. He didn’t even seem to mind letting her use his floor-model computer. After months of preparation, Miriam carried out her plan. She called Mr. Gropin to say that she was ill and couldn’t come to work. Then she drove to Mankato and Red Wing, disguised, and picked up her money. All went well until she arrived home to find Officer Quanbeck and several others waiting in her living room to arrest her for fraud and bank robbery. As a kindness, to assuage her curiosity, Tobe Barksdale was there, too. He explained, “Your plan was brilliant, Miriam, and you were an excellent student. Indeed, I taught you almost everything you know. But I didn’t teach you everything you did on a master tape which I observed every afternoon after you left. After all, I had to see what kind of progress my pupil was making, didn’t I?” 5. Officer Quanbeck she met every day always said to her a lot of funny things to please her.

Welcome to Our Bank 　　“I wish Central Bank would be robbed,” George Pickens said to himself. He had been making this wish daily from the time he had started work as a teller （出纳员） at the bank. 　　All over the country banks were being robbed, George thought. Why not this bank? Were robbers scornful of its four-million-dollar capital? Were they afraid of Mr. Ackerman, the old bank guard, who hadn't pulled out his gun in twenty-two years? 　　Of course George had a reason for wanting the bank to be robbed. After all, he couldn’t simply take the thick bundles of bills that were under his hands all day long. So he had thought of another way to get them. His plan was simple. It went like this: 　　If Bank Robber A holds up Bank Teller B... 　　And if Bank Teller B gives Bank Robber A a certain amount of money... 　　What is to prevent Bank Teller B from keeping all the money left and claiming that it was stolen by Bank Robber A? 　　There was only one problem. Where was Bank Robber A? 　　One morning George entered the bank feeling something was about to happen. “Good morning, Mr. Burrdws,” he said cheerfully. The bank president said something in a low voice and went into his office. 　　At two o’clock Bank Robber A walked in. George knew he was a bank robber. For one thing, he slipped in. For another thing, he wore a mask. 　　“This is a holdup （抢劫）,” the man said roughly. He took a pistol from his pocket. The guard made a small sound. “You,” the bank robber said, “lie down on the floor.” Mr. Ackerman lay down. The robber stepped over to George's cage. 　　“All fight,” he said. “Hand it over.” 　　“Yes, sir,” said George. “ Would you like it in ten- or twenty dollar bills?” 　　“Just hand it over!” 　　George reached into his cashbox and took all the bills from the top section-close to six thousand dollars. He passed them through the window. The robber snatched them, put them into his pockets, and turned to leave. 　　Then, while everyone watched Bank Robber A, Bank Teller B calmly lifted off the top section of the cash and slipped bills from the bottom section into his pockets. 　　The door swung and the bank robber was gone. George fainted. When he woke he smiled up at the worried faces looking down at him. “I’m all right, he said bravely.” 　　“Perhaps you should go home, George,” Mr. Bell, the chief auditor （审计员） said. 　　As soon as he was safely behind his bedroom door, George took the money from his pockets and counted it. He had seven thousand dollars. He was very happy. 　　The next morning when George arrived at the bank, it was not open for business. But everyone was there, helping to examine the bank's records for the special audit Mr. Bell was taking. 　　George was called into Mr. Burrows' office. The bank president seemed strangely cheerful. “George,” he said, “I want you to meet Mr. Carruthers, who used to be president of our bank.” 　　“Good morning, George,”said Mr. Carruthers. “I was sorry to hear you fain yesterday. Are you all right now?” 　　“Yes, sir, just fine, thanks.” 　　“I' m glad to hear it. That was quite an adventure. It just goes to show how easy it is to rob our bank.” 　　“Sir?” said George, confused. 　　“George, I was sorry to give you a hard time yesterday, but with all the banks being robbed these days, I thought it would be a good idea to prove that our little bank can be robbed too. I have retired, but I haven’t stopped thinking. That’s, why I played my little game yesterday, just to keep everybody on his toes.” 　　“I don't understand,” said George. “What game?” 　　The old man laughed and took out a mask. He placed it over his face, and said, “All fight. Hand it over!” Mr. Burrows laughed but George did not. 　　“And the money?” George said in a small voice. 　　“Don't worry,” Mr. Carruthers said. “I put it all back in your cashbox all six thousand. We’re just finishing up the audit now.” George turned cold with fear. 　　Behind them, the door opened and Mr. Bell, the chief auditor, put his head into the room. “Mr. Burrows,” he said gravely, “may I see you a moment?” 4. George fainted after the bank robber was gone because( ).

Postage stamps are labels affixed to letters or parcels to indicate that a specified amount of postage has been prepaid for delivery. Stamps are usually issued by a government or an agency representing a government, such as a national post office. The collecting and study of postage stamps and related items such as postcards is known as philately, a word derived from Greek meaning,literallyt “love of what is free of further tax. "Stamp collecting is one of the most popular hobbies in the world.From the earliest years of the hobby, most philatelists have preferred to collect stamps by country,specializing in the issues of one or more nations. Since about the mid-1950s,however, many philatelists have become interested in topical collecting acquiring stamps illustrating certain themes or subjects. Among the wide range of pictorials are stamps devoted to sports9art and music.aviation,birds and flowers,and telecommunications.One of the attractions of stamp collecting is the ease of starting a collection. With access to enough incoming maiUespecially from abroad,a person can build a collection without any expense. Literally tens of thousands of stamps,however, including many of the older issues, are priced very cheaply.Little special equipment is required. A collector needs only an album to house the collection and a pair of stamp tongs with which to handle them. Stamps and accessories can be purchased easily. Nearly every city has one or more professional stamp dealers. Thousands of other dealers operate exclusively by mail or on the Internet.When collectors have accumulated a number of valuable stamps,they must take precautions for safe storage,preferably in a bank safety deposit box. If the stamps are in mint（崭新的）condition, they should not be overlapped； through changes in humidity, overlapping stamps may stick together and become seriously damaged. Collectors also should keep accurate written inventories of all their philatelic material.According to the passage, the new stamps should avoid ______.

A Day’s Wait E. Hemingway He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move. “What’s the matter, Schatz?” “I’ve got a headache.” “You better go back to bed.” “No. I’m all right.” “You go to bed. I’ll see you when I’m dressed.” But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I know he had a fever. “You go up to bed,” I said, “you’re sick.” “I’m all right,” he said. When the doctor came he took the boy’s temperature. “what is it?” I asked him. “One hundred and two.” Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different coloured capsules with instructions for giving them. One was to bring down the fever, another a purgative, the third to overcome an acid condition. The germs of influenza can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He seemed to know all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not go above on hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic of flu and there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia. Back in the room I wrote the boy’s temperature down and made a note of the time to give the various capsules. “Do you want me to read to you?” “All right. If you want to,” said the boy. His face was very white and there were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached from what was going on. I read aloud from Howard Pyle’s Book of Privates; but I could see he was not following what I was reading. “How do you feel, Schatz?” I asked him. “Just the same, so far,” he said. I sat at the foot of the bed and read to myself while I waited for it to be time to give another capsule. It would have been natural for him to go to sleep, but when I looked up he was looking at the foot of the bed, looking very strangely. “Why don’t you try to sleep? I’ll wake you up for the medicine.” “I’d rather stay awake.” After a while he said to me, “You don’t have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you.” “It doesn’t bother me.” “No, I mean you don’t have to stay if it’s going to bother you.” I thought perhaps he was a little lightheaded and after giving him the prescribed capsules at eleven o’clock I went out for a while. It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with a sleet that had frozen so that it seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground had been varnished with ice. I took the young Irish setter for a little walk up the road and along a frozen creek, but it was difficult to stand or walk on the glassy surface and the red dog slipped and slithered and I fell twice, hard, once dropping my gun and having it slide away over the ice. We flushed a covey of quail under a high clay bank with overhanging brush and I killed two as they went out of sight over the top of the bank. Some of the covey lit in trees, but most of them scattered into brush piles and it was necessary to jump on the ice-coated mounds of brush several times before they would flush. Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on the icy, springy brush they made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey close to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day. At the house they said the boy had refused to let anyone come into the room. “You can’t come in.” he said. “You mustn’t get what I have.” I went up to him and found him in exactly the position I had left him, white-faced, but with the tops of his cheeks flushed by the fever, staring still, as he had stared, at the foot of the bed. I took his temperature. “Something like a hundred.” I said. It was one hundred and two and four-tenths. “It was a hundred and two,” he said. “Who said so?” “The doctor.” “Your temperature is all right,” I said. “It’s nothing to worry about.” “I don’t worry,” he said, “but I can’t keep from thinking.” “Don’t think,” I said, “Just take it easy.” “I’m taking it easy,” he said and looked straight ahead. He was evidently holding tight onto himself about something. “Take this with water.” “Do you think it will do any good?” “Of course it will.” I sat down and opened the Pirate book and commenced to read, but I could see he was not following, so I stopped. “About what time will it be before I die?” “You aren’t going to die. What’s the matter with?” “Oh, yes, I am. I heard him say a hundred and two.” “People don’t die with a fever of one hundred and two. That’s a silly way to talk.” “I know they do. At school in France the boys told me you can’t live with forty-four degrees. I’ve got a hundred and two.” “You poor Schatz,” I said. “Poor old Schatz. It’s like miles and kilometers. You aren’t going to die. That’s a different thermometer. On that thermometer thirty-seven is normal. On this kind it’s ninety-eight.” “Are you sure?” “Absolutely,” I said. “It’s like miles and kilometers. You know, like how many kilometers we make when we do seventy miles in the car.” “Oh,” he said. But his gaze at the foot of the bed relaxed slowly. The hold over himself relaxed too, finally, and the next day it was very slack and he cried very easily at little things that were of no importance. 4. The father did not realize what the boy was really thinking about and went out hunting in the woods.

What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannon Q. Mr. Givens, why is it important for people to understand body language – that is, communication by means of movements and gestures? A. The best salespeople, the best teachers, the best business managers have an innate ability to read body language and put it to profitable use. They adapt their presentation to the messages they pick up. For example, the most successful trial lawyers are those who can look at a jury and a judge and pick up little cues that tip off what people are thinking. An observant lawyer may notice that the judge is compressing his lips into a thin line as the lawyer is speaking. This is a common sign people use when they disagree or are becoming annoyed. A smart lawyer will quickly try a new approach. Such signals are used constantly, even though people generally don't realize they are communicating through their movements, posture and mannerisms. Q. What kinds of information is nonverbal language likely to reveal? A. Very often it signals a person's true feelings, which may be contrary to what is actually being spoken. For example, a person may hunch the shoulders, angle the head to one side and compress the lips. That's a good indication that he or she is uncertain about an idea or perhaps disagrees with it, even without saying so in words. Q. Would you give some examples of the most common indicators of approval and disapproval? A. When people show rapport with each other, they swivel their upper bodies toward each other and align their shoulders in parallel. They face each other squarely, they lean slightly toward each other, and there is more eye contact. If they disagree, they unwittingly or unconsciously turn their bodies away from each other. Such signs are unmistakable forms of body language. Q. Do people more often than not try to exhibit dominant behavior in the presence of others? A. Some people do, but many also assume a submissive stance. The head, arms, legs and feet tell the true intent. When the boss pats an employee on the back, the employee's toes will invariably pigeon-toe inward--a classic sign of submission--and the boss will toe out, a sign of dominance. By contrast, people in submissive roles will tend to crouch slightly and display self-protective stances. They may fold their arms or hug themselves, cross their legs or reach up and touch their throats. People with a more dominant attitude will use more-expansive gestures, spreading the arms and legs, creating an air of openness. Q. What are some other universal nonverbal signals? A. One is an automatic raising of the eyebrows that a person does when he or she meets someone else. It takes place very quickly at the instant when recognition takes place, and it is a natural and universal form of greeting. Another obvious cue is known as the "hand behind head," which signals uncertainty or stress. When someone is disturbed or startled by something, the first reaction is to reach up and touch the back of the head. It is a totally unconscious reflex. About 125 nonverbal signals of this type have been cataloged as recognizable. Q. Where do we get mannerisms such as these? Are they learned as a part of our culture? A. No, they are almost entirely inborn. Nonverbal behavior occurs naturally, without being taught, and even shows up in newborn infants and in lower animals. It is firmly grounded in evolutionary development. It's something that Mother Nature provides to help us get along with each other. Nonverbal communication is also what we call culture-free: it applies worldwide. People can go anywhere and understand these signals, even if they don't know the spoken language. Q. Is courtship one of the situations that is strongly influenced by nonverbal skills? A. Yes. In fact, early courtship is almost entirely made up of nonverbal actions. Men and women unconsciously shrug their shoulders when they find each other attractive. It is an "I give up" signal, almost a childlike gesture that shows they are harmless. Early courtship is filled with shy, juvenile, awkward behavior between the man and the woman. A woman attracted to a man will tilt her head down and to the side, then look in his direction in a coy or coquettish way. A man at a party or at a bar will stake out his territory by putting cigarettes or cash in front of him, to show females his status relative to other men. Q. What if a woman decides that she isn't interested in a man's overtures? A. The simplest gesture is simply to turn her body away from him. It's the "cold shoulder," one of the most recognizable gestures in the entire animal kingdom. It is really one of the kindest yet most effective ways to dampen someone's ardor. And men can use it, too. Q. Would you include touching in the vocabulary of nonverbal communication? A. Yes. And it should be used very carefully. Skin is our oldest sense organ, and when it is touched by someone it carries a strong emotional impact. It is a very sexually loaded form of communication. In a business or social setting, a casual touch can be almost electric, even in a professional relationship. When someone is touched, he or she immediately stops for an instant and wonders, "What did that mean?" In such settings, "hands off" is the best policy because even a well-intentioned touch can be badly misconstrued. Decide whether the following statements are true （T） or false （F） according to the information given in the passage. 4. Nonverbal language is likely to reveal what a person is thinking, even though his true feelings that body language tends to communicate may be contrary to what is actually being uttered.

The Value of Education Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we do not educate children only for the aim of educating them. Our purpose is to fit them for life. Life is varied; so is education. As soon as we realize the fact, we will understand that it is very important to choose a proper system of education. 　　In some countries with advanced industries, they have free education for all. Under this system, people, no matter whether they are rich or poor, clever or foolish, have a chance to be educated at universities or colleges. They have for some time thought, by free education for all, they can solve all the problems of a society, and build a perfect nation. But we can already see that free education for all is not enough. We find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degrees than there are jobs for them to fill. As a result of their degrees, they refuse to do what they think is "low" work. In fact, to work with one’ s hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries. 　　But we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a completely uneducated farmer is as important as that of a professor. We can live without education, but we should die if none of us grew crops. If no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses, we should get terrible diseases in our towns. If there were no service people, because everyone was ashamed to do such work, the professors would have to waste much of their time doing housework. 　　On the other hand, if all the farmers were completely uneducated, their production would remain low. As the population grows larger and larger in the modern world, we would die if we did not have enough food. 　　In fact, when we say all of us must be educated to fit ourselves for life, it means that all must be educated: firstly, to realize that everyone can do whatever job is suited to his brain and ability; secondly, to understand that all jobs are necessary to society and that it is bad to be ashamed of one’s own work or to look down upon someone else’s; thirdly, to master all the necessary know-how（技能）to do one’s job well. Only such education can be called valuable to society. 5. Education should be various because 　　.