Alcatraz Island, sometimes referred to as the Rock, is a small island located in the middle of San Francisco Bay in California. It served as a lighthouse, then a military fortification （要塞）,then a military prison followed by a federal prison until 1963. It became a national recreation area in 1972. Today, the island is a historic site operated by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and is open to tourists.The first Spaniard to discover the island was Juan Manuel de Ayala in 1775, and the earliest recorded owner of the island of Alcatraz is Julian Workman, to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June 1846 with the understanding that the former would build a lighthouse on it. Later that same year John C. Fremont bought the island for $ 5,000 in the name of the United States government. When California became part of the United States in 1848, the U. S. Army used the island as a military camp for the protection of San Francisco Bay. Later, the army decided to turn it into the site of detention (拘禁)，a task for which it was well suited because of its isolation. In 1867 a brick jailhouse was built • and in 1868 Alcatraz was officially designated a long-term detention facility for military prisoners. On March 21, 1907, Alcatraz was officially designated as the Western US Military Prison.Due to its isolation from the outside by the cold, strong, dangerous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz was used to house Civil War prisoners as early as 1861. In 1898, the Spanish-American war would increase the prison population from 26 to over 450. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement. By 1912 there was a large cellhouse, and in the 1920s a large 3-story structure was nearly at full capacity. The island became a federal prison in August 1934. During the 29 years it was in use, the jail held such notable criminals as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the Birdman of Alcatraz), James Bulger and Alvin Karpis, who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate. It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prison staff and their families, and no prisoner had ever successfully escaped from the island.Alcatraz Island was first used as ______.

What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannon Q. Mr. Givens, why is it important for people to understand body language – that is, communication by means of movements and gestures? A. The best salespeople, the best teachers, the best business managers have an innate ability to read body language and put it to profitable use. They adapt their presentation to the messages they pick up. For example, the most successful trial lawyers are those who can look at a jury and a judge and pick up little cues that tip off what people are thinking. An observant lawyer may notice that the judge is compressing his lips into a thin line as the lawyer is speaking. This is a common sign people use when they disagree or are becoming annoyed. A smart lawyer will quickly try a new approach. Such signals are used constantly, even though people generally don't realize they are communicating through their movements, posture and mannerisms. Q. What kinds of information is nonverbal language likely to reveal? A. Very often it signals a person's true feelings, which may be contrary to what is actually being spoken. For example, a person may hunch the shoulders, angle the head to one side and compress the lips. That's a good indication that he or she is uncertain about an idea or perhaps disagrees with it, even without saying so in words. Q. Would you give some examples of the most common indicators of approval and disapproval? A. When people show rapport with each other, they swivel their upper bodies toward each other and align their shoulders in parallel. They face each other squarely, they lean slightly toward each other, and there is more eye contact. If they disagree, they unwittingly or unconsciously turn their bodies away from each other. Such signs are unmistakable forms of body language. Q. Do people more often than not try to exhibit dominant behavior in the presence of others? A. Some people do, but many also assume a submissive stance. The head, arms, legs and feet tell the true intent. When the boss pats an employee on the back, the employee's toes will invariably pigeon-toe inward--a classic sign of submission--and the boss will toe out, a sign of dominance. By contrast, people in submissive roles will tend to crouch slightly and display self-protective stances. They may fold their arms or hug themselves, cross their legs or reach up and touch their throats. People with a more dominant attitude will use more-expansive gestures, spreading the arms and legs, creating an air of openness. Q. What are some other universal nonverbal signals? A. One is an automatic raising of the eyebrows that a person does when he or she meets someone else. It takes place very quickly at the instant when recognition takes place, and it is a natural and universal form of greeting. Another obvious cue is known as the "hand behind head," which signals uncertainty or stress. When someone is disturbed or startled by something, the first reaction is to reach up and touch the back of the head. It is a totally unconscious reflex. About 125 nonverbal signals of this type have been cataloged as recognizable. Q. Where do we get mannerisms such as these? Are they learned as a part of our culture? A. No, they are almost entirely inborn. Nonverbal behavior occurs naturally, without being taught, and even shows up in newborn infants and in lower animals. It is firmly grounded in evolutionary development. It's something that Mother Nature provides to help us get along with each other. Nonverbal communication is also what we call culture-free: it applies worldwide. People can go anywhere and understand these signals, even if they don't know the spoken language. Q. Is courtship one of the situations that is strongly influenced by nonverbal skills? A. Yes. In fact, early courtship is almost entirely made up of nonverbal actions. Men and women unconsciously shrug their shoulders when they find each other attractive. It is an "I give up" signal, almost a childlike gesture that shows they are harmless. Early courtship is filled with shy, juvenile, awkward behavior between the man and the woman. A woman attracted to a man will tilt her head down and to the side, then look in his direction in a coy or coquettish way. A man at a party or at a bar will stake out his territory by putting cigarettes or cash in front of him, to show females his status relative to other men. Q. What if a woman decides that she isn't interested in a man's overtures? A. The simplest gesture is simply to turn her body away from him. It's the "cold shoulder," one of the most recognizable gestures in the entire animal kingdom. It is really one of the kindest yet most effective ways to dampen someone's ardor. And men can use it, too. Q. Would you include touching in the vocabulary of nonverbal communication? A. Yes. And it should be used very carefully. Skin is our oldest sense organ, and when it is touched by someone it carries a strong emotional impact. It is a very sexually loaded form of communication. In a business or social setting, a casual touch can be almost electric, even in a professional relationship. When someone is touched, he or she immediately stops for an instant and wonders, "What did that mean?" In such settings, "hands off" is the best policy because even a well-intentioned touch can be badly misconstrued. Decide whether the following statements are true （T） or false （F） according to the information given in the passage. 1.The best salesmen, teachers, and business managers are able to understand nonverbal communication and change their own behavior and actions quickly.

Winston Churchill:His Other Life My father,Winston Churchill,began his love affair with painting in his 40s,amid disastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty(海军大臣）in 1915,he was deeply involved in a campaign in the Dardanelles (达达尼尔海峡）that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war.But when the mission failed,with great loss of life,Churchill paid the price,both publicly and privately. He was removed from the Admiralty and effectively sidelined. Overwhelmed by the catastrophe-“I thought he would die of grief,”said his wife,Clementine-he retired with his family to Hoe Farm,a country retreat(休息寓所）in Surrey.There, as Churchill later recalled,"The muse（冥想）of painting came to my rescue!” Wandering in the garden one day,he chanced upon his sister-in-law sketching with watercolors: He watched her for a few minutes,then borrowed her brush and tried his hand.The muse had cast her spell(魔法）！ Churchill soon decided to experiment with oils. Delighted with this distraction from his dark broodings(沉思），Clementine rushed off to buy whatever paints she could find. For Churchill,however,the next step seemed difficult as he contemplated with unaccustomed nervousness the blameless whiteness of a new canvas(画布）。 He started with the sky and later described how “very gingerly(小心翼翼地）I mixed a little blue paint on the palette,and then with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean upon the affronted(被冒犯）snow-white shield. At that moment the sound of a motor car was heard in the drive. From this chariot stepped the gifted wife of Sir John Lavery .” “'Painting!'she declared. “But what are you hesitating about? Let me have the brush-the big one.'Splash into the turpentine (松脂油），wallop（乱窜）into the blue and the white,frantic flourish on the palette(调色板），and then several fierce strokes and slashes of blue on the absolutely cowering(退缩的）canvas.” At that time,John Lavery- a Churchill neighbor and celebrated painter-was tutoring Churchill in his art. Later,Lavery said of his unusual pupil,“Had he chosen painting instead of statesmanship,I believe he would have been a great master with the brush. ” In painting,Churchill had discovered a companion with whom he was to walk for the greater part of the years that remained to him.After the war,painting would offer deep solace when,in 1921,the death of the mother was followed two months later by the loss of his and Clementine's beloved three-year-old daughter,Marigold. Battered by grief,Winston took refuge at the home of friends in Scotland,finding comfort in his painting. He wrote to Clementine,“I went out and painted a beautiful river in the afternoon light with crimson and golden hills in the background. Alas I keep feeling the hurt of the Duckadilly (Marigold's pet name).” Historians have called the decade after 1929,when the Conservative government fell and Winston was out of office,his wilderness years. Politically he may have been wandering in barren places, a lonely fighter trying to awaken Britain to the menace of Hitler,but artistically that wilderness bore abundant fruit.During these years he often painted in the South of France. Of the 500-odd canvases extant(现存的），roughly 250 date from 1930 to 1939. Painting remained a joy to Churchill to the end of his life.“Happy are the painters,” he had written in his book Painting as a Pastime,“for they shall not be lonely. Light and color,peace and hope,will keep them company to the end of the day. ” And so it was for my father. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the in formation given in the text. 4.From the passage, it may be inferred that Churchill kept warning his country fellows that Hitler was a menace to Britain but his warning was not taken seriously.

The producer appeared behind the recording studio window and grinned and waved to me like an old friend. And after I had read out a little test piece, he said： "That's fine, wonderful, your voice is perfect. lovely, gorgeous. "Then I read a longer passage in English about the delights of touring in Britain, and another about the delights of visiting London, and both were ‘fantastic’ and ‘just right’, and I began to consider a career in radio.To be frank.I was fairly confident in spite of lack of experience. Across the room in the Hamburg news agency where we both work, a colleague named Peter Turner had called to me,“I say, Mike, a chap on the phone here wants someone to do a recording in English, and I'm booked up. Would you read something to him in English as a sort of test?”I did, and they said，“Perfect, lovely, gorgeous etc.,would I come round?”It was after reading the passage in English in the studio that they noticed my vowel pronunciations were not altogether King's English, or even Prince. Philip's； there was a larger silence than usual, then the voice said,“Fine, lovely...but you said the word ‘castle’ with a short ‘a’. Could we have the passage again please, but this time say ‘carsele’。"This was easy. But then he noticed other differences in my pronunciation.“It's my northern English accent”.I said,angry because I had to apologise for it.“Oh, I see...but Mr.Jamieson, we'll have to get it right, I'm afraid. The recording is for teaching English to German school children, and it must be spoken in the way it is taught in German schools."I read the passage again...，and again..., and again. But of course you cannot change the pronunciation of a lifetime in an hour. The studio men became desperate and underlined the offending vowels, so that I'd remember them. Few, really. But because I had to concentrate on them, I made a lot of mistakes in my reading. Everyone got somewhat irritable, so we all went out for a beer.Broadcasting did not make Mike nervous ______.

The Lunch At the restaurant I could see my jewellery was attracting attention.The smartly-dressed gentlemen were staring until their wives nudged them and warned them to stop gawking（发呆地看着）and behave. 　　All I did to attract such attention was spread my fingers and twiddle with my showy earrings.1 wasn’t wearing rubbish.My rings were crafted with the finest gold and priceless stones from around the world.Bert，my boyfriend had said that my tiara（冕状头饰）was ostentatious（显眼的），so，not wanting to appear to have bad taste，I decided to wear my hat instead. 　　I got chummy with（与……关系亲密） my neighbour.We were rather alike，a little bit overweight，wearing similar clothes，with the only difference being that mine were real clothes with a capital C. 　　My new friend got tipsy（微醉的）over her cocktails，and told me that her name was Ruby. 　　“But you can call me Rube，”she simpered（傻笑着说）from the other side of the table. 　　The restaurant was all chandeliers（枝形大吊灯），white tablecloths and silver.And the young waiters were all dressed to the nines，looking as though they were about to perform in a stage show. 　　Neither Rube nor l were married and we soon became very friendly. 　　“You can call me Pearl，”I said.1 asked Rube how she managed to afford to dine out at this swanky place.She said she had won the lunch in a radio competition. 　　“Me too,” I replied, and both of us laughed our heads off. 　　Rube was wearing cheap，gaudy jewellery, which probably came from a market. You wouldn’t see me in that junk. 　　But by now Rube had drunk far too much sherry.She kept on asking me if she could just try on some of my jewellery，but throughout life l have learnt to never trust anybody. 　　Still，by now Rube wasn’t really a stranger and I didn’t want to be seen as mean-spirited（吝啬）in such a posh（豪华的）restaurant. 　　We had to go to the ladies room.Gold taps and all that. 　　It looked so grand that when Rube asked me again if she could try my jewels on just for a minute，l offered her the pendant（耳环，垂饰）. 　　That’s me，generous and kind.That pendant was worth a fortune.You should have seen her face. 　　She primped and preened（打扮） in the mirror admiring the pendant，but she just wasn’t satisfied. 　　“Just let me try on the rings,”she pleaded.“And the bracelets.” 　　I was worried that she might not get the rings off her chunky fingers，but I reluctantly handed them over. 　　So there she was with a stunning ring on each finger. To please her, I tried on her rubbish jewellery. 　　At this stage we were both tipsy, and it was time to say enough was enough. 　　All of a sudden，two policewomen burst into the ladies room and slapped a set of handcuffs around Rube’s beautifully-adorned wrists. 　　The policewomen then escorted（押送）poor Rube out of the ladies，despite her loud，tearful protests that she never knew nothing about no armed hold-up（武装抢劫）at the bank vaults（地下保险库）.She’d never pinched a thing in her life.Never! 　　Poor Rube.It was a shame because Bert would have to organize another heist（偷窃）before I could get hold of that sort of stuff again. 　　Just the same，some people are unfortunate，aren’t they? 　1. The sentence “And the young waiters were all dressed to the nines” means that they were all finely-dressed.

Miller's Theatre and Miller's Ideas Miller uses the techniques of the modern theatre to the full. He is not satisfied with simply employing the devices of lights and sound as an addition to the acting,but indicates in the stage directions of his plays precisely when a particular form of lighting or piece of sound is to be used. This is a deliberate attempt to make the theatre as a whole , not merely the actors , express the messages of the play . Mechanical devices assume , then , a symbolic significance-they represent an essential meaning or idea in the play in physical terms . They express a meaning - hence the term "expressionist" is often used to describe Miller as a dramatist. Miller was writing for a middle-class audience. His plays were performed on Broadway, the center of New York's theatrical and cultural life, and in Landon's West End. Therefore they reached only a small proportion of the population . Miller uses this fact ( that the plays reached a relatively small proportion of the population) to advantage in Death of a Salesman, where he examines American middle-class ideas and beliefs. He was able to place before his audience Willy Loman, a man who shared many of their ideals, ones which have been summed up by the phrase "the American Dream". The American Dream is a combination of beliefs in the unity of the family, the healthiness of competition in society, the need for success and money, and the view that America is the great land in which free opportunity for all exists.Some of these are connected: America seemed at one stage in history to offer alternatives to the European way of life; she seemed to be the New World,vast , having plenty of land and riches for all of its people , all of whom could share in the wealth of the nation. America was a land of opportunity. This belief is still apparent, even in twentieth-century America, with its large urban population, and Miller uses it in his plays, in order to state something significant about American society. In such a land, where all people have a great deal of opportunity, success should come fairly easily, so an unsuccessful man could feel bitter about his failure, excluded as he was from the success around him. To become successful in the American Dream means to believe in competition,to reach the top as quickly as possible by proving oneself better than others. Success is judged by the amount of wealth which can be acquired by an individual. Success is external and visible, shown in material wealth and encouraged . Money and success mean stability ; and stability can be seen in the family unit. The family is a guideline to success. It also provides emotional stability , and a good family shares its hopes and beliefs . These ideas should always be kept in mind when Death of a Salesman is considered. Another point to consider is Miller's conception of what the theatre should do . He is both a social dramatist . As a psychological dramatist he studies character, the motives and reasons behind the behavior of individuals , and presents them to his audiences so that his individual characters become convincingly alive,Often, these people are ordinary, everyday types,but ones whose actions are made significant by the dramatist.For example, the lives of ordinary citizens going about their daily business in their homes may not obviously appear interesting, but the dramatist can indicate that their daily lives are important, that they are interesting or unusual as people and that the audience may see their own situations and psychological states reflected in the characters the dramatist has created. Death of a Salesman is a good example of this. Of course, all dramatists and novelists try to make the actions of their characters relevant to other people, and most analyze closely the minds of the characters they have created in order to establish what makes them function as individuals. Where Miller differs from many of the others is in the type of person that he has created. Most of his heroes are ordinary people: they do not seem to be different from anyone who can be met in any street; and this, it might be argued, adds force to his plays,since none of the characters are remote-we share their feelings, and understand their difficulties. Also, Miller is able to show that everyday people can rise above the ordinary when challenged. Miller is a social dramatist in the sense that Death of a Salesman comments on the nature of society. Miller is concerned about society and the values which it holds. This means that Miller has often been regarded as an ally of the American Left, wishing to challenge the values of society, showing those values as worthless, and suggesting that a change may be necessary. Drama can expose the ills of society, make people aware there is something wrong with the system. Linked with Miller's attitude to society is his treatment of the middle class in the play. He was writing for the middle class as well as about them. And, at the time he was writing Death of a Salesman the ideals and way of life of the middle class in America were declining. People were not as stable financially because of the depression and then the 1939-45War, and so their way of life seemed to be challenged. Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F)according to the information given in the text. ( ) 4. Miller is a psychological dramatist in the sense that he can probe into the behavior of his characters.

London Art Gallery On the north side of Trafalgar, famous for its Admiral Nelson （“Nelson’s column”）, its fountains and its homes of pigeons, there stands a long, low building in classic style. This is the National Gallery, which contains Britain’s best-known collection of pictures. The collection was begun in 1824, with the purchase of thirty-eight pictures that included Hogarth’ s satirical “Marriage la Mode”series, and Titian’s “Venus and Adonis”. 　　The National Gallery is rich in paintings by Italian masters such as Raphael, Correggio, and Veronese, and it contains pictures representative of all European schools of art such as works by Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyck, Murillo, El Greco, and nineteenth century French masters. Many visitors are especially attracted to Velasquez’“Rokeby Venus”and Leonardo da Vinci’s“Virgin of the Rocks”. 　　On sunny days, students and other young people are often to be seen having a sandwich lunch on the portico （门廊；柱廊） of the Gallery overlooking Trafalgar Square. Admission to the Gallery is free, as is the case with other British national galleries and museums, which are maintained by money voted by Parliament. Bequests of pictures have been made to the galleries, at times on a generous scale, by private individuals. 　　Just behind the National Gallery stands the National Portrait Gallery, in which the visitors can see portraits of British monarchs since the reign of Richards II （1377—1399）, and of historical celebrities such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Cromwell. Many of the pictures are by well-known artists. 　　The National Gallery of British Art, better known as the Tate Gallery, was given to the nation by a rich sugar merchant, Sir Henry Tate, who had a taste for the fine arts. It overlooks the Thames, not far from the Houses of Parliament. English artists are naturally well represented here, and the Tate also has a range of modern works, including some sculptures, by foreign artists. This, of all the London galleries, is the young people’s gallery. It has been stated that three-quarters of its visitors are under twenty-five. 　　The Wallace Collection at Herford House was formed by Lord Herford and his half brothers, Sir Richard Wallace, who inherited the collection, which was given to the nation in 1897 by Richard’s widow. There is here a very fine display of weapons and armour, of pottery, miniatures（微型画）and sculptures. The first floor of the building contains an admirable assortment of Boucher’s pictures, besides excellent examples of the work of Fragonard, to mention only two artists. 　　On a summer day, a visit to Kenwood House in Kenwood, on the northern side of Hampstead Heath, is well worth while, for here is a small collection of paintings, some by famous painters, that can be viewed in a relatively short time. Afterwards, one can go out into the charming grounds. One may sun oneself on the turf（草皮）of the spacious lawns, or stroll by the lily-pond and then enter the little wood that half surrounds it. Kenwood House is maintained not by the government but by the Greater London Council. 4. Boucher’s pictures and the work of Fragonard are found( ) .

Try to translate the following into Chinese . 1.I am part of the Multivac-complex and am connected with other parts all over the world.

Try to translate the following into Chinese . 2.He said, “You see, Joe, as you get more and more of me in you, I adjust you to match me better and better. You get to think more like me, so you understand me better.

Try to translate the following into Chinese . 3.Next it was a matter of adjusting the work sheets and job requirements in such a way as to get Charity assigned to us. It must be done very delicately, so no one would know that anything illegal had taken place.