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Enthusiasm leads to success   We have all had to work and do things that we did not especially enjoy. Usually, some chirpy(活泼的)person would tell us to be more enthusiastic. “You’ll have more fun,” they would say. Well, they were partly right. Being enthusiastic about something means being excited about a given project. Enthusiasm entails having a strong interest in the task at hand. If you decided to learn a new language, which is not easy by any account, you would have to dedicate yourself wholehearted to the cause. Anything less would result in failure.   What is real enthusiasm? In your quest for success, enthusiasm means that you believe deeply in what the company is doing. You also believe that your job is important and contributes to the cause. It means that you’re willing to work your butt off(努力做某事)to achieve the company’s goals. Real enthusiasm is when you leap out of bed in the morning and attack your day with gusto(热忱). You have zeal for the work you do and the people you work with. This pushes you to improve and become a better person. Enthusiasm means that you are stimulated by your work, and are able to find new challenges and keep growing professionally. Furthermore, most jobs have some elements that are less fun and more difficult to carry out. This is where passion really comes into play. When you love what you do, it isn’t too difficult to get psyched up and get the job done. The hard part is performing equally well in those less interesting tasks.   Passion helps you get ahead. Enthusiasm about a job or project usually translates into positive energy. That is, if you are excited about a project, you will be anxious to get started and get results. The mere fact of looking forward to your work will help make you more productive and effective. You will plan more effectively and pay careful attention to detail. You will carry out your plan more carefully and aim for the best results possible. Another important point is that passionate people are usually those that are thrust into positions of leadership. A leader must have zest if people are to follow him and achieve the corporate mission. A leader must inspire his troops. To inspire them, he needs to exude enthusiasm. In leaders, this translates into charisma(领袖人物的超凡魅力). Being fervent about your work shows a willingness to do more and learn more. This will definitely help you stand out from the crowed and get to management’s attention. Increasing your enthusiasm. Most men aren’t born great-they become great. Similarly, not everyone is the enthusiastic type that falls in love with their work. However, do not despair; there are ways to become more passionate. One good way to boost your gusto is by reading about successful people, it will help you realize that you too can make it happen. Reading about real success stories often illustrates that people much like yourself have become business leaders. In most cases, they all share one trait: enthusiasm. If you want to succeed, you should be excited about your work, your life and your co-workers. Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the information given in the text. ( )1. The dedication to what you are doing is really significant to your success.
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It is becoming increasingly recognized that education is a process which continues throughout adult life. The scope of adult and continuing education has widened in recent years and now included, in addition to the development of the individual through cultural,physical and craft pursuits, such subjects as basic education: education for disadvantaged groups and those with special needs such as ethnic minorities or the disabled; consumer education; health education; and pre-retirement education. Continuing education includes training for those in employment, to enable them to keep pace with technological change. The British government has taken a number of recent initiatives to improve opportunities for both adult and continuing education. In 1982 it launched a Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating Program,designed to help colleges and universities to meet the need to up-date and broaden the skills of those in mid-career in industry, commerce and the professions. A three-year program to encourage the expansion of educational opportunities for the adult unemployed was launched in 1984.Apart from provision for mature students at universities.courses are provided by further education collegesadult education centers residential colleges,the Open Universities and various other bodies including a number of voluntary organizations. Most of the provision is made by the local education authorities in a wide variety of establishments? including schools used for adult evening classes and community schools which provide educational t social and cultural opportunities for the wider community. Most courses are part-time. Local authorities also maintain or aid many courses lasting between a weekend and a fortnight. Long-term residential colleges, grant-aided by central government departments, provide courses of one or two years and aim to provided a liberal education without academic entry tests. Most students admitted are entitled to full maintenance grants.The word “initiatives” in the 1st paragraph, most probably means ______.
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Three Branches of the Federal Government The Legislative Branch Congress is the legislative branch of the Union,and it consists of two houses:the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each House serves as a check on the other. The main function of the Congress is to pass laws for the Union.The revenue bills-proposed laws to raise money for the government-must begin in the House-Only after the House has approved then can the Senate act on them. The House alone also has the power to choose a President under certain circumstances. Congress is not only the U.S.national legislature but also a political body.Most representatives and Senators try to carry out the programs of the political parties to which they belong.Today,the Democrats and the Republications are America's two largest political parties.Whichever party wins the largest number of seats in the House is the majority part and the other party is the minority party of the House. The same is true in the Senate. Each House of Congress has two party committees,one set up by the majority party and the other by the minority party.The purpose of party committees is to influence the law-making process.In each House of Congress,the majority party selects a majority floor(议员席)leader and the minority party selects a minority floor leader.The floor leader is the chief spokesperson and legislative strategist for the party. The Executive Branch The U.S.Constitution created an executive branch to carry out the laws passed by Congress and to run the day-to-day business of government.The executive branch is a vast bureaucratic machinery.There are now twelve executive departments and more than a hundred independent agencies. The President holds the highest office in the federal government. The powers of the President are great,but not without limitations.The president has the authority to appoint federal justices as vacancies occur,including members of the Supreme Court.Within the executive branch,the President has broad powers to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal government's many departments and agencies. The President appoints the head and senior officials of the executive branch agencies.The President is primarily responsible for foreign relations with other countries. The President appoints ambassadors and other officials,subject to Senate approval,and with the Secretary of Sate formulates and manages the nation’s foreign policy. The President is the head of state elected by the whole nation. Presidential elections take place every four years . Although many parties parties present presidential candidates, the elections have been dominated by the two major bourgeois parties-the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The people can only choose between the candidates put up by the parties. The Judicial Branch In the United States there are two systems of laws and courts; federal and state and each is independent of the other. Federal courts enforce federal laws while state courts enforce state laws. The Constitution says: "The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such lower courts as Congress may establish. All the judges shall hold their offices during good behavior." The federal courts do not actively seek out cases. The courts will not act until an individual or an organization files a lawsuit challenging the law. Cases within the federal court system are divided into three categories: civil cases,criminal cases and cases in equity. A civil suit is a dispute over the legal rights and duties of the parties to the suit. A criminal case involves an attempt to punish someone accused of breaking the law. A case in equity involves an attempt to correct an unfair situation before it is too late. Cases in equity are intended to provide relief where the ordinary remedies of the law might come too late. The state courts have judicial power over all civil and criminal cases arising under state laws. The state courts system is generally similar to the federal system, to the extent that it also has a number of trail courts and intermediate courts, and a single court of last resort. They impose various sentences for various crimes. Two features of the American legal system that merit attention are the bail system and "habeas corpus"(人身保护权).A suspect can be set loose after handing in the required bail; however must be ready to appear for his trial,or he forfeits his bail.A writ of habeas corpus requires the police to release from jail any person not charged with a specific crime within 48 hours. Questions 1-10 are based on this magazine article on 3 different branches of the U.S.Government.Answer each question by choosing A,B,or C. Which of the three branches... 8.( )has the power to choose a President under certain circumstances?
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Opportunities Where You Are “There are no longer any good chances for young men,” complained a youthful law student to Daniel Webster. “There is always room at the top,” replied the great statesman and jurist. No chance, no opportunities, in a land where thousands of poor boys become rich men, where newsboys go to Congress, and where those born in the lowest stations attain the highest positions? The world is all gates, all opportunities to him who will use them. But, like Bunyan’s pilgrim in dungeon of the castle, who had the key of deliverance all the time with him but had forgotten it, we fail to rely wholly upon the ability to advance all that is good for us which has been given to the weakest as well as the strongest. We depend too much upon outside assistance. “We look too high For things close by.” A Baltimore lady lost a valuable diamond bracelet at a ball, and supposed that it was stolen from the pocket of her cloak. Years afterward she washed the steps of the Peabody Institute, pondering how to get money to buy food, she cut up an old, worn-out, ragged cloak to make a hood, when looking in the lining of the cloak she discovered the diamond bracelet. During all her poverty she was worth $3 500, but did not know it. Many of us who think we are poor are rich in opportunities, if we could only see them, in possibilities all about us, in faculties worth more than diamond bracelets. In our large Eastern cities it has been found that at least ninety-four out of every hundred found their first fortune at home, or near at hand, and in meeting common everyday wants. It is a sorry day for a young man who can not see any opportunities where he is, but thinks he can do better somewhere else. Some Brazilian shepherds organized a party to go to California to dig gold, and took along a handful of translucent pebbles to play checkers with on the voyage. After arriving in San Francisco, and after they had thrown most of the pebbles away, they discovered that they were diamonds. They hastened back to Brazil, only to find that the mines from which the pebbles had been gathered had been taken up by other prospectors and sold to the government. The richest gold and silver mine in Nevada was sold by the owner for $42, to get money to pay his passage to other mines, where he thought he could get rich. Professor Agassiz once told the Harvard students of a farmer who owned a farm of hundreds of acres of unprofitable woods and rocks, and concluded to sell out and get into a more profitable business. He decided to the coal-oil business; he sold his farm for $200, and engaged in his new business two hundred miles away. Only a short time after, the man who bought his farm discovered upon it a great flood of coal-oil, which the farmer had previously ignorantly tried to drain off. Hundreds of years ago there lived near the shore of the river Indus a Persian by the name of Ali Hafed. He lived in a cottage on the river bank, from which he could get a grand view of the beautiful country stretching away to the sea. He had a wife and children, an extensive farm, fields of grain, gardens of flowers, orchards of fruit, and miles of forest. He had plenty of money and everything that hear could wish. He was contented and happy. One evening a priest of Buddha visited him, and, sitting before the fire, explained to him how the world was made, and how the first beams of sunlight condensed on the earth’s surface into diamonds. The old priest told that a drop of sunlight the size of his thumb was worth more than large mines of copper, silver, or gold; that with one of them he could buy many farms like his; that with a handful he could buy a province, and with a mine of diamonds he could purchase a kingdom. Ali Hafed listened, and was no longer a rich man. He had been touched with discontent, and was no longer a rich man. He had been touched with discontent, and with that, all wealth vanishes. Early the next morning he woke the priest who had been the cause of his unhappiness, and anxiously asked him where he could find a mine of diamonds. “What do you want of diamonds?” asked the astonished priest. “I want to be rich and place my children on thrones.” “All you have to do is to go and search until you find them,” said the priest. “But where shall I go?” asked the poor farmer. “Go anywhere, north, south, east, or west.” “How shall I know when I have found the place?” “When you find a river running over white sands between high mountain ranges, in those white sands you will find diamonds.” Answered the priest. The discontented man sold the farm for what he could get, left his family with a neighbor, took the money he had at interest, and went to search for the covert treasure. Over the mountains of Arabia, through Palestine and Egypt, he wandered for years, but found no diamonds. When his money was all gone and starvation stared him in the face, ashamed of his folly and of his rags, poor Ali Hafed threw himself into the tide and was drowned. The man who bought his farm was a contented man, who made the most his surroundings, and did not believe in going away from home to hunt for diamonds or success. While his camel was drinking in the garden one day, he noticed a flash of light from the white sands of the brook. He picked up a pebble, and, pleased with its brilliant hues, took it into the house, put it on the shelf near the fireplace, and forgot all about it. The old priest of Buddha who had filled Ali Hafed with the fatal discontent called one day upon the new owner of the farm. He had no sooner entered the room than his eye caught that flash of light from the stone. “Here’s a diamond! Here’s a diamond!” he shouted in great excitement. “Has Ali Hafed returned?” “No,” said the farmer, “nor is that a diamond. That is but a stone.” They went into the garden and stirred up the white sand with their fingers, and beheld, other diamonds more beautiful than the first beamed out of it. So the famous diamond beds of Golconda were discovered. Had Ali Hafed been content to remain at home, and dug in his own garden, instead of going abroad in search of wealth, would have been one of the richest men in the world, for the entire farm abounded in the richest of gems. You have your own special place of work. Find it, fill it. Scarcely a boy or girl will read these lines but has much better opportunity to win success than Garfield, Wilson, Franklin, Lincoln, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frances Willard, and thousands of others had. But to succeed you must be prepared to seize and improve the opportunity when it comes. Remember that four things come not back: the spoken word, the sped arrow, the past life, and the neglected opportunity. It is one of the paradoxes of civilization that the more opportunities are utilized, the more new ones are thereby created. New openings are as easy to find as ever to those who do their best, although it is not so easy as formerly to obtain great distinction in the old lines, because the standard has advanced so much, and competition has so greatly increased. “The world is no longer clay,” said Emerson, “But rather iron in the hands of its workers, and men have got to hammer out a place for themselves by steady and rugged blows.” Thousands of men have made fortunes out of trifles which others pass by. As the bee gets honey from the same flower from which the spider gets poison, so some men will get a fortune out of the commonest and meanest things, as scraps of leather, cotton waste, slag, iron filings, from which others get only poverty and failure. There is scarcely a thing which contributes to the welfare and comfort of humanity, scarcely an article of household furniture, a kitchen utensil, and article of clothing or of food, that is not capable of an improvement in which there may be a fortune. Opportunities? They are all around us. Forces of nature plead to be used in the service of man, as lightning for ages tried to attract his attention to the great force of electricity, which would do his drudgery and leave him to develop the God-given powers within him. There is power lying latent everywhere waiting for the observant eye to discover it. First find out what the world needs and then supply the want. An invention to make smoke go the wrong way in a chimney might be a very ingenious thing, but it would be of no use to humanity. The patent office at Washington is full of wonderful devices of ingenious mechanism, but not one in hundreds is of use to the inventor or to the world. And yet how many families have been impoverished, and have struggled for years amid want and woe, while the father has been working on useless inventions. A. T. Stewart, as a boy, lost eighty-seven cents, when his capital was one dollar and a half, in buying buttons and thread which shoppers did not call for. After that he made it a rule never to buy anything which the public did not want, and so prospered. An observing man, the eyelets of whose shoes pulled out, but who could not afford to get another pair, said to himself, “I will make a metallic lacing hook, which can be riveted into the leather.” He was then so poor that he had to borrow a sickle to cut grass in front of his hired tenement. He became a very rich man. An observing barber in Newark, N.J., thought he could make an improvement on shears for cutting hair, invented clippers, and became rich. A Maine man was called in from the hayfield to wash clothes for his invalid wife. He had never realized what it was to wash before. Finding the method slow and laborious, he invented the washing machine, and made a fortune. A man who was suffering terribly with toothache felt sure there must be some way of filling teeth which would prevent their aching and he invented the method of gold filling for teeth. The great things of the world have not been done by men of large means. Ericsson began the construction of the screw propellers in a bathroom. The cotton gin was first manufactured in a log cabin. John Harrison, the great inventor of the marine chronometer, began his career in the loft of an old barn. Parts of the first steamboat ever run in America were set up in the vestry of a church in Philadelphia by Fitch. McCormick began to make his famous reaper in a grist mill. The first model dry-dock was made in an attic. Clark, the founder of Clark University of Worcester, Mass., began his great fortune by making toy wagons in a horse shed. Farquhar made umbrellas in his sitting-room, with his daughter’s help, until he sold enough to hire a loft. Edison began his experiments in a baggage car on the Grand Trunk Railroad when he was a newsboy. Michelangelo found a piece of discarded Carrara marble among waste rubbish beside a street in Florence, which some unskillful workman had cut, hacked, spoiled, and thrown away. No doubt many artists had noticed the fine quality of the marble, and regretted that it should have been spoiled. But Michelangelo still saw an angel in the ruin, and with his chisel and mallet he called out from it one of the finest pieces of statuary in Italy, the young David. Patrick Henry was called a lazy boy, a good-for-nothing farmer, and he failed as a merchant. He was always dreaming of some far-off greatness, and never thought he could be a hero among the corn and tobacco and saddlebags of Virginia. He studied law for six week; when he put out his shingle. People thought he would fail, but in his first case he showed that he had a wonderful power of oratory. It then first dawned upon him that he could be a hero in Virginia. From the time the Stamp Act was passed and Henry was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and he had introduced his famous resolution against the unjust taxation of the American colonies, he rose steadily until he became on of the brilliant orators of America. In one of his first speeches upon this resolution he uttered these words, which were prophetic of his power and courage: “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third –may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” The great natural philosopher, Faraday, who was the son of a blacksmith, wrote, when a young man, to Humphry Davy, asking for employment at the Royal Institution. Davy consulted a friend on the matter. “Here is a letter from a young man named Faraday; he has been attending my lectures, and wants me to give him employment at the Royal Institution –what can I do” “Do? Put him to washing bottles; if he is good for anything he will do it directly; if he refuses he is good for nothing.” But the boy who could experiment in the attic of an apothecary shop with an old pan and glass vials during every moment he could snatch from his work saw an opportunity in washing bottles, which led to a professorship at the Royal Academy at Woolwich. Tyndall said of this boy with no chance, “he is the greatest experimental philosopher the world has ever seen.” He became the wonder of his age in science. There is a legend of an artist who long sought for a piece of sandalwood, out of which to carve a Madonna. He was about to give up in despair, leaving the vision of his life unrealized, when in a dream he was bidden to carve his Madonna from a block of oak wood which was destined for the fire. He obeyed, and produced a masterpiece from a log of common firewood. Many of us lose great opportunities in life by waiting to find sandalwood for our carvings, when they really lie hidden in the common logs that we burn. One man goes through life without seeing chances for doing anything great, while another close beside him snatches from the same circumstances and privileges opportunities for achieving grand results. Opportunities? They are everywhere. “America is another name for opportunities. Our whole history appears like a last effort of divine providence in behalf of the human race.” Never before were there such grand openings, such chances, such opportunities. Especially is this true for girls and young women. A new era is dawning for them. Hundreds of occupations and professions, which were closed to them only a few years ago. Are now inviting them to enter. We can not all of us perhaps make great discoveries like Newton, Faraday, Edison, and Thompson, or paint immortal pictures like an Angelo or a Raphael. But we can all of us make our lives sublime, by seizing common occasions and making them great. What chance had the young girl, Grace Darling, to distinguish herself, living on those barren lighthouse rocks alone with her aged parents? But while her brothers and sisters, who moved to the cities to win wealth and fame, are not known to the world, she became more famous than a princess. This poor girl did not need to go to London to see the nobility; they came to the lighthouse to see her. Right at home she had won fame which the regal heirs might envy, and a name which will never perish from the earth. She did not wander away into dreamy distance for fame and fortune, but did her best where duty had placed her. If you want to get rich, study yourself and your own wants. You will find that millions have the same wants. The safest business is always connected with man’s prime necessities. He must have clothing and a dwelling; he must eat. He wants comforts, facilities of all kinds for pleasure, education, and culture. Any man who can supply a great want of humanity, improve any methods which men use, supply any demand of comfort, or contribute in any way to their well-being, can make a fortune. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the information given in the passage. 3. Ali Hafed was no longer a rich man upon listening to the words of the old priest, because the former had few diamonds in his possession then.
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We mustn t delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...and breathing, that's also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.These were the words of Dutchman Cees Van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease. Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendcl's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown,it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure,and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor,must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr. Wilfred Van Oijen, Cees Van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:“Well,it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much. That's a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson.Chairman of the Organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family there's nearly always another question behind the question."Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices-special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders,President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there arc ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people;"It's very easy in society now for the elderly• the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable."Many find this prohibition of an individual s right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die"What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not?"But"why not?"is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend;his wife had only her husband's interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.How many countries in Europe permit euthanasia?
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How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. If the mater is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat balck beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them. Many matters, however are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matter, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If some one maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants. A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to be come aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country-in France, Germany, italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time or space. Mahatma Gandhi deplores railways and steamboats and machinery; he would like to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting any one who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technique for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might say in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and mean of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all other. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the rally important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some nonhuman mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish. Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F) according to the information given in the passage. 2.The author refers to Aristotle to point out the mistake in judgment made by the philosopher.
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Winston Churchill:His Other Life My father,Winston Churchill,began his love affair with painting in his 40s,amid disastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty(海军大臣)in 1915,he was deeply involved in a campaign in the Dardanelles (达达尼尔海峡)that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war.But when the mission failed,with great loss of life,Churchill paid the price,both publicly and privately. He was removed from the Admiralty and effectively sidelined. Overwhelmed by the catastrophe-“I thought he would die of grief,”said his wife,Clementine-he retired with his family to Hoe Farm,a country retreat(休息寓所)in Surrey.There, as Churchill later recalled,"The muse(冥想)of painting came to my rescue!” Wandering in the garden one day,he chanced upon his sister-in-law sketching with watercolors: He watched her for a few minutes,then borrowed her brush and tried his hand.The muse had cast her spell(魔法)! Churchill soon decided to experiment with oils. Delighted with this distraction from his dark broodings(沉思),Clementine rushed off to buy whatever paints she could find. For Churchill,however,the next step seemed difficult as he contemplated with unaccustomed nervousness the blameless whiteness of a new canvas(画布)。 He started with the sky and later described how “very gingerly(小心翼翼地)I mixed a little blue paint on the palette,and then with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean upon the affronted(被冒犯)snow-white shield. At that moment the sound of a motor car was heard in the drive. From this chariot stepped the gifted wife of Sir John Lavery .” “'Painting!'she declared. “But what are you hesitating about? Let me have the brush-the big one.'Splash into the turpentine (松脂油),wallop(乱窜)into the blue and the white,frantic flourish on the palette(调色板),and then several fierce strokes and slashes of blue on the absolutely cowering(退缩的)canvas.” At that time,John Lavery- a Churchill neighbor and celebrated painter-was tutoring Churchill in his art. Later,Lavery said of his unusual pupil,“Had he chosen painting instead of statesmanship,I believe he would have been a great master with the brush. ” In painting,Churchill had discovered a companion with whom he was to walk for the greater part of the years that remained to him.After the war,painting would offer deep solace when,in 1921,the death of the mother was followed two months later by the loss of his and Clementine's beloved three-year-old daughter,Marigold. Battered by grief,Winston took refuge at the home of friends in Scotland,finding comfort in his painting. He wrote to Clementine,“I went out and painted a beautiful river in the afternoon light with crimson and golden hills in the background. Alas I keep feeling the hurt of the Duckadilly (Marigold's pet name).” Historians have called the decade after 1929,when the Conservative government fell and Winston was out of office,his wilderness years. Politically he may have been wandering in barren places, a lonely fighter trying to awaken Britain to the menace of Hitler,but artistically that wilderness bore abundant fruit.During these years he often painted in the South of France. Of the 500-odd canvases extant(现存的),roughly 250 date from 1930 to 1939. Painting remained a joy to Churchill to the end of his life.“Happy are the painters,” he had written in his book Painting as a Pastime,“for they shall not be lonely. Light and color,peace and hope,will keep them company to the end of the day. ” And so it was for my father. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the in formation given in the text. 2. For the rest of his life,Churchill discovered that painting was his good company either during or after the war.
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Like many of my generation. I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame. Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher povzers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous• but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?Heroes are catalysts (催化剂)for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi. India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (实行种族隔离的)buses» restaurants» and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.Gandhi and Martin Luther King are examples of outstanding leaders who ______.
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Bricks from the Tower of the Babel According to the Bible story, there was a time when the whole earth was of one language and of one speech. But when it occurred to the people to build a tower that would reach unto Heaven itself, the Lord was angry and said, “Let us go down, and there confound their language that they may not understand one another's speech.” And the building was stopped and the people scattered because they could no longer understand one another.   Is it possible that the people of the world today could agree upon a single international language that everyone would be able to speak and understand? This has been the dream of many linguists over the centuries, and almost a thousand languages have been invented for this, not to replace the native languages but to provide a second language for worldwide communication.   For about a thousand years -- from about the fifth century through the fifteenth -- Latin was the second language of educated people all over Europe and all scholarly works were written in Latin. For, before the invention of the printing press, reading and writing were skills known only to scholars. Most of the scholars were priests and clergymen, and Latin was the language of the church. Latin was a subject required in schools and in colleges, and all educated people had some familiarity with it.   The number of people who study Latin has not grown smaller, but proportionately it has become very much smaller. As ordinary people all over the world began to be able to read and write their own languages, and as scientific work of the sixteenth and later centuries came more and more to be written in living languages, a knowledge of Latin was not so essential. Thus, although Latin might once have been claimed as the most suitable of possible international languages (at least for Europeans), this time has definitely passed.   The earliest attempts to invent a simplified language for international use came in the seventeenth century, but it was not until the late nineteenth century that any sizable group of people did actually attempt to speak and write an artificial language. Esperanto, which was published in 1887, was the first language really to take hold. At one time or another as many as eight million people have learned Esperanto. It has been taught in a great many schools and colleges in Europe, and the study of Esperanto was even made compulsory in some high schools in Germany.   Five-sixths of Esperanto words have Latin roots; the remainder are Germanic. Verbs are still inflected for tense, and nouns have separate forms for use as subject and object in a sentence.   Ido and Interlingua followed Esperanto and improved it, by cutting out some of the cumbersome Latin grammar that still remained.   In 1928, Otto Jespersen, the famous Danish linguist who is known as the greatest authority on the English language, put forth a concoction of his own called Novial. It was an improvement on Esperanto but still had the same basic approach. Jespersen thought that the best type of international language was one that offered the greatest ease of learning to the greatest number of people. But when Jespersen thinks of the “greatest number of people” he is referring to Europeans or people of other continents whose language and culture derives from Europe. This completely excludes native populations of the continents of Asia and Africa and of the Pacific Islands, for whom Novial would be totally unfamiliar.   Still, if the language is a well-constructed one and not too complicated, perhaps it could nevertheless be adopted by those unfamiliar with its roots and structure.   Interglossa, the most recent of the proposed artificial languages, uses basically the Chinese structure, which is that of the isolating language where each word stands alone and there are no inflections at all. The rules of grammar in Interglossa are largely rules of word order, as in English and more strictly in Chinese. The roots are basically Latin and Greek because these have been the roots of most scientific words and are therefore--to some extent—familiar to scientists all over the world.   The use to Latin and Greek roots is a big help to readers of Indo-European languages. While this is of no help to the people who speak non-Indo-European languages, the use of Latin roots has at least the advantage of straightforward rules for spelling and pronunciation. The Latin, and all of the sounds of Latin are represented by its letters.   Why must an international language necessarily be a made-up language? Why can’t one of the existing languages be chosen as the best one to try to internationalize?   In the United Nations, for example, there are five official languages — English, Chinese, Russian, French, and Spanish — and at all official meetings simultaneous translation is carried on, so that it is possible to listen to the speeches in any one of the five languages. If a delegate does not know at least one of these languages, he or she must learn one. How about making one of these into an international language? Of these, Chinese and Russian are not likely to gain many supporters because of the difficulties of these alphabets. The Russian alphabet stems from the Greek but is like that of very few other languages in the world today. The Chinese alphabet is not an alphabet at all. Its characters represent ideas, not sounds, and would therefore require someone to learn two separate languages -- the written and the spoken. The fact that Chinese characters are associated with idea, not sound, would make it a fine written international language, since each reader could apply the symbol to the appropriate word in his or her own language.   French was once the language of international diplomats, and a great many people involved in international relations had to learn French. But it has never been a language of science. Its spelling is difficult for foreigners and some of the sounds in French, being unlike those of other Latin-based Languages, are hard for non-French speakers to master. Spanish comes off well in both spelling and pronunciation, for its rules are simple and there are almost no exceptions to those rules, but it is highly inflected and even adds such complications as having two different forms for the verb “to be”, depending upon whether the state of being is permanent or temporary. In simplified form, it might do very well, but no one has tried to promote Spanish as the international language.   English, on the other hand, has been worked on for this purpose. C.K. Ogden and I. A. Richards set themselves the task of discovering what is the smallest number of words we need to have in order to be able to define all of the other words in English. They came up with the answer of eight hundred and fifty and made a basic word list of eight hundred and fifty English words, which they named Basic English. These are the only verbs in the entire list: “come, go, get, give, keep, let, do, put, make, say, be, seem, take, see, may, will, have, send.”   Writing in Basic English may require you to use a greater number of words -- as in having to say “it came to my ears” instead of “I heard” -- but you can still say anything you want to with just 850 different words and a few suffixes: “-ed, -ing, -ly” and the prefixes “in-, and un-” for “not”. This is a much smaller number of words to have to memorize than is ordinarily offered to the student of a foreign language.   Basic English and most of the other languages that have been proposed as international languages have one great disability for their acceptance as a world language: they all assume that the structure of Indo-European languages is generally understood worldwide. (Interglossa is the only important exception, as it makes the attempt to use Chinese isolating structure instead.) As Benjamin Whorf, an expert on American Indian languages pointed out, "We say ‘a large black and white hunting dog' and assume that in Basic English one would do the same. How is the speaker of a radically different tongue supposed to know that one cannot say ‘hunting a white and black large dog'?”   Finally, in considering the merits of any proposed international language it's important to remember what it can and cannot be expected to do. If it is to be used for anything other than basic understanding between people of different nationalities in their daily lives, in international affairs, and in the exchange of scientific information, all proposals are likely to be rejected. If you think of it as a way of internationalizing literature -- especially poetry -- forget it.   Admittedly, translations of the “Gettysburg Address”, of “Treasure Island”, “Black Beauty”, and other books of fiction into Basic English came out remarkably well, but no one who could read the original would accept the Basic English version instead.   If language were for nothing but the communication of warnings and weather reports, an artificial international language would do nicely. But people have always had a need to do more than simply “tell it like it is”. Language is for reporting not merely one’s work. In our language we define ourselves. For this, a language needs idioms, needs all the oddities of grammar and style that reflect its history and development, all the poetic turns of phrases that have enriched it over the centuries. The language needs these? Well, perhaps not. Does a person need eyebrows? If you were to construct a human being, would you provide eyebrows? Is there some special reason why our lips should be a different color from the rest of our face? Perhaps not, but this is how people — real people — are. Artificial language is recommended highly for artificial people. The computers need it to simplify communication among themselves. For communication between people, languages in all their diversity will remain and grow as mirrors of the growth and soul of the societies that speak them. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the information given in the text. 6. Novial invented by Otto Jespersen could hardly be accepted by the people in places other than Europe.
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The English Character   The English, as a race, have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities, including their closest neighbors, the French, Belgians and Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalities.   Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigners he often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner; no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An English wit, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, "On entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers." Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicion.   It is a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that, given half a chance, they will talk about it at length. Some people argue that it is because weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and speculation to everyone. This may be so. Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the meteorological experts--the weathermen--who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts. The man in the street seems to be as accurate--or as inaccurate-as the weathermen in his predictions. This helps to explain the seemingly odd sight of an Englishman leaving home on a bright, sunny, summer morning with a raincoat slung over his arm and an umbrella in his hand. So variable is the weather that by lunchtime it could be pouring.   The overseas visitors may be excused for showing surprise at the number of references to weather that the English make to each other in the course of a single day. Very often conventional greetings are replaced by comments on the weather. "Nice day, isn't it?" "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how are you?" Although the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage. If he wants to start a conversation with an Englishman (or woman) but is at a loss to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will provoke an answer from even the most reserved of Englishmen. In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotion, passion etc., often accompanied by appropriate gestures. The Englishman is somewhat different. Of course, an Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality, but he tends to display his feelings far less. This is reflected in his use of language, imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl. Whereas a man of more emotional temperament might describe her as "an exquisite jewel", "divine", "precious", the Englishman will flatly state "Um, she's all right". An Englishman who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting, "It's not bad, you know," or on seeing a breathtaking landscape he might convey his pleasure by saying, "Nice, yes, very nice." The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement; he must realize that "all right", "no bad", and "nice", are very often used as superlatives with the sense of "first-class", "excellent", "beautiful". This special use of language, particularly common in English, is known as understatement. ( ) 4. Compared with other nationality, we may safely conclude that the English seem to be short of deep emotions or great passions.