The First Settlement in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts in South America，a great interest in gold. and adventure，and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot，originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice，was established as a trader in Bristol，England，when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship，the Matthew，with its crew of eighteen，did no more than see an island （probably off the New England coast）and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a“legal”title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England，calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island，but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people. 【第9题】The first settlers in Virginia were all male.

The First Settlement in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts in South America，a great interest in gold. and adventure，and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot，originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice，was established as a trader in Bristol，England，when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship，the Matthew，with its crew of eighteen，did no more than see an island （probably off the New England coast）and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a“legal”title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England，calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island，but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people. 【第10题】The living conditions of the first settlers were bad.

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第11题】The passage mainly discusses____.

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第12题】 Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第13题】In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated____.

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第14题】According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第15题】According to the passage , human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by

Grandpa my heroMy grandfather had only one child and that was my mother. He always wanted a son but it never happened. ____1____. When my mom got pregnant, he thought he finally had a boy in the family, but it turned out that her first child was my older sister. When I was born, grandpa was very happy.He was the first person to give me a baseball glove and to play baseball with me. My first glove was as small as my whole hand is now. When grandpa gave me that glove, I was very excited. ___2____. It was my pride and joy.When I was five, I played on my first baseball team and grandpa was the coach. He wanted me to play one position, but I want to play another. _____3____. I tried so hard that I made good progress. Grandpa was very proud of me. Ever since then, he has worked with me to make me a better player.Grandpa has helped me become not only a better player, but a better person. ____4____. Today grandpa does not play baseball with me so often, but he still comes to every practice and game. He sits and watches my practices through rain and shine. _____5_____. I love him and hope he will be around for many more years to support me and baseball.1.___.A. I was so happy I even slept with it at my side.B. He wanted a son because he wanted to teach him to play baseball.C. I owe him all my success in baseball and in my life.D. in order to make me happy, he let me play what I wanted.E. He was named our baseball team’s number one fan by my coach.F. My grandpa is still working at a store

Grandpa my heroMy grandfather had only one child and that was my mother. He always wanted a son but it never happened. ____1____. When my mom got pregnant, he thought he finally had a boy in the family, but it turned out that her first child was my older sister. When I was born, grandpa was very happy.He was the first person to give me a baseball glove and to play baseball with me. My first glove was as small as my whole hand is now. When grandpa gave me that glove, I was very excited. ___2____. It was my pride and joy.When I was five, I played on my first baseball team and grandpa was the coach. He wanted me to play one position, but I want to play another. _____3____. I tried so hard that I made good progress. Grandpa was very proud of me. Ever since then, he has worked with me to make me a better player.Grandpa has helped me become not only a better player, but a better person. ____4____. Today grandpa does not play baseball with me so often, but he still comes to every practice and game. He sits and watches my practices through rain and shine. _____5_____. I love him and hope he will be around for many more years to support me and baseball.2___.A. I was so happy I even slept with it at my side.B. He wanted a son because he wanted to teach him to play baseball.C. I owe him all my success in baseball and in my life.D. in order to make me happy, he let me play what I wanted.E. He was named our baseball team’s number one fan by my coach.F. My grandpa is still working at a store

Grandpa my heroMy grandfather had only one child and that was my mother. He always wanted a son but it never happened. ____1____. When my mom got pregnant, he thought he finally had a boy in the family, but it turned out that her first child was my older sister. When I was born, grandpa was very happy.He was the first person to give me a baseball glove and to play baseball with me. My first glove was as small as my whole hand is now. When grandpa gave me that glove, I was very excited. ___2____. It was my pride and joy.When I was five, I played on my first baseball team and grandpa was the coach. He wanted me to play one position, but I want to play another. _____3____. I tried so hard that I made good progress. Grandpa was very proud of me. Ever since then, he has worked with me to make me a better player.Grandpa has helped me become not only a better player, but a better person. ____4____. Today grandpa does not play baseball with me so often, but he still comes to every practice and game. He sits and watches my practices through rain and shine. _____5_____. I love him and hope he will be around for many more years to support me and baseball.3___.A. I was so happy I even slept with it at my side.B. He wanted a son because he wanted to teach him to play baseball.C. I owe him all my success in baseball and in my life.D. in order to make me happy, he let me play what I wanted.E. He was named our baseball team’s number one fan by my coach.F. My grandpa is still working at a store