The Inventor of LEDWhen Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor（半导体）alloys（合金），his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today，his discovery of light-emitting diodes，or LEDs，is used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work，developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.On April 23，2004，Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th vear that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）has given the award to prominent inventors."Anytime you get an award，big or little，it's always a surprise，"Holonyak said.Holonyak，75，was a student of John Bardeen，an inventor of the transistor（晶体管），in the early 1950s.After graduate school，Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric，where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches. Later，Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking into how to generate invisible light，he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs，and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.Holonyak，now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois，said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace（平凡的）as they are today，but didn't realize how many uses they would have."You don't know in the beginning. You think you're doing something important，you think it’s worth doing，but you really can't tell what the big payoff（成果）is going to be，and when，and how. You just don't know. “he said.The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen，75，with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for the work on a new generation of "molecular（分子）sieves（滤网）"that can separate molecules by size.【第9题】Edith Flanigen was also awarded Lemelson-MIT Prize for his work on LEDs.

The Inventor of LEDWhen Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor（半导体）alloys（合金），his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today，his discovery of light-emitting diodes，or LEDs，is used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work，developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.On April 23，2004，Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th vear that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）has given the award to prominent inventors."Anytime you get an award，big or little，it's always a surprise，"Holonyak said.Holonyak，75，was a student of John Bardeen，an inventor of the transistor（晶体管），in the early 1950s.After graduate school，Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric，where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches. Later，Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking into how to generate invisible light，he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs，and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.Holonyak，now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois，said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace（平凡的）as they are today，but didn't realize how many uses they would have."You don't know in the beginning. You think you're doing something important，you think it’s worth doing，but you really can't tell what the big payoff（成果）is going to be，and when，and how. You just don't know. “he said.The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen，75，with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for the work on a new generation of "molecular（分子）sieves（滤网）"that can separate molecules by size.【第10题】The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years.

Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960's，many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year，the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss（or gain）through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall（砌筑墙）filled with insulation board（隔热板）.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However，mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities，too.If fully occeupied，the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.【第11题】11.The main purpose of the passage is to_____.

Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960's，many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year，the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.Class-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss（or gain）through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall（砌筑墙）filled with insulation board（隔热板）.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However，mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities，too.If fully occeupied，the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.【第12题】 According to the passage, what is one disadvantage of skyscrapers that have mirrored walls?

Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960's，many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year，the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.Class-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss（or gain）through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall（砌筑墙）filled with insulation board（隔热板）.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However，mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities，too.If fully occeupied，the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.【第13题】According to the passage,which aspect of skyscrapers were some residents of North America concerned with in the late 1960's?

Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960's，many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year，the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.Class-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss（or gain）through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall（砌筑墙）filled with insulation board（隔热板）.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However，mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities，too.If fully occeupied，the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.【第14题】Which of the following groups would the skyscraper issue most concern?

Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960's，many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year，the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.Class-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss（or gain）through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall（砌筑墙）filled with insulation board（隔热板）.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However，mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.S②xorld Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.【第15题】Which of the following is true according to the passage?

The Workers' Role in ManagementTraditionally，it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting（咨询）the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled（被迫）to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most，companies have provided ”suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management.Furthermore，major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers play a stronger role in management？Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.A common complaint among rank-and-file workers（普通工人）is the lack of information about company policies and actions.Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims（受害者）of plant closings and permanent layoffs（解雇），often with no warning.At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions（让步）that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial（管理的）decision making.There ought to be representatives（代表）of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale（士气）will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive（激励）they must be given a share in the company's profits.This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans，bonuses（奖金），or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase（购买）the plant and run it themselves.【第1题】Traditional workers showed no interest in management.

The Workers' Role in ManagementTraditionally，it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting（咨询）the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled（被迫）to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most，companies have provided ”suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management.Furthermore，major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers play a stronger role in management？Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.A common complaint among rank-and-file workers（普通工人）is the lack of information about company policies and actions.Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims（受害者）of plant closings and permanent layoffs（解雇），often with no warning.At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions（让步）that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial（管理的）decision making.There ought to be representatives（代表）of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale（士气）will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive（激励）they must be given a share in the company's profits.This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans，bonuses（奖金），or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase（购买）the plant and run it themselves.【第2题】“Suggestion box” is one of the many ways for workers to engage in management.

The Workers' Role in ManagementTraditionally，it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting（咨询）the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled（被迫）to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most，companies have provided ”suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management.Furthermore，major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers play a stronger role in management？Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.A common complaint among rank-and-file workers（普通工人）is the lack of information about company policies and actions.Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims（受害者）of plant closings and permanent layoffs（解雇），often with no warning.At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions（让步）that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial（管理的）decision making.There ought to be representatives（代表）of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale（士气）will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive（激励）they must be given a share in the company's profits.This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans，bonuses（奖金），or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase（购买）the plant and run it themselves.【第3题】Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm，workers should not be informed of them.