In the second half of the 19th century, Europe was swept by a "mania （狂热）for Japanese aesthetics （美学）"，said Nina Siegal in The New York Times.Closed to outsiders for centuries, Japan had opened itself up to trade and diplomacy, allowing the rest of the world to discover its unique visual culture. Artists were particularly taken with Japonisme, as it was known, and none more so than Vincent van Gogh （1853—90）. Although he never actually visited Japan, the Dutch artist developed a "fascination" with Japanese woodcut prints, collecting hundreds of examples. Increasingly attracted by Japanese culture, van Gogh studied and copied these prints, and their influence inevitably bled into his work. A new exhibition at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum brings together nearly all of the artist's "major" Japanese-influenced works, as well as about 50 of the prints that played a role in the evolution of his "distinctive style". This show has been five years in the making, said Michael Glover in The Independent, "and it delves into （探索）this subject as never before."Van Gogh undoubtedly had a "reverence" for Japanese printmakers like Utagawa Hiroshige and Katsushika Hokusai, said Jonathan Jones in The Guardian. Two "direct copies" he made of Hiroshige nature scenes hang alongside the originals, demonstrating the intense passion with which he studied the work. He drew on Eastern spiritual philosophy too, depicting himself as "a Japanese priest with shaven head" in a "tragic" late self-portrait. Yet I can't help feeling that the exhibition overstates the importance of Japanese art in van Gogh's work. It suggests that everything from his still life drawings to masterpieces like his "lovely" 1888 painting The Harvest were directly inspired by the likes of Hokusai, yet both clearly owe more of a debt to Dutch painting traditions. Ultimately, the claim that van Gogh's art was transformed by Japanese culture "simply does not hold up".I disagree, said Waldemar Januszczak in The Sunday Times. Seeing van Gogh's work paired with the Japanese prints, it's obvious they were crucial to the development of his style. He learnt compositional tricks from Japanese woodcuts, embracing their use of colour and perspective. More crucial still, they led him to create art with a "devotional relationship to nature" entirely new to European painting. This is an important and appealing show that will lead you to an "inescapable" conclusion: "Japanese art turned van Gogh into van Gogh".13. What do we know about the exhibition at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum?

In the second half of the 19th century, Europe was swept by a "mania （狂热）for Japanese aesthetics （美学）"，said Nina Siegal in The New York Times.Closed to outsiders for centuries, Japan had opened itself up to trade and diplomacy, allowing the rest of the world to discover its unique visual culture. Artists were particularly taken with Japonisme, as it was known, and none more so than Vincent van Gogh （1853—90）. Although he never actually visited Japan, the Dutch artist developed a "fascination" with Japanese woodcut prints, collecting hundreds of examples. Increasingly attracted by Japanese culture, van Gogh studied and copied these prints, and their influence inevitably bled into his work. A new exhibition at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum brings together nearly all of the artist's "major" Japanese-influenced works, as well as about 50 of the prints that played a role in the evolution of his "distinctive style".This show has been five years in the making, said Michael Glover in The Independent, "and it delves into （探索）this subject as never before."Van Gogh undoubtedly had a "reverence" for Japanese printmakers like Utagawa Hiroshige and Katsushika Hokusai, said Jonathan Jones in The Guardian. Two "direct copies" he made of Hiroshige nature scenes hang alongside the originals, demonstrating the intense passion with which he studied the work. He drew on Eastern spiritual philosophy too, depicting himself as "a Japanese priest with shaven head" in a "tragic" late self-portrait. Yet I can't help feeling that the exhibition overstates the importance of Japanese art in van Gogh's work. It suggests that everything from his still life drawings to masterpieces like his "lovely" 1888 painting. The Harvest were directly inspired by the likes of Hokusai, yet both clearly owe more of a debt to Dutch painting traditions. Ultimately, the claim that van Gogh's art was transformed by Japanese culture "simply does not hold up".I disagree, said Waldemar Januszczak in The Sunday Times. Seeing van Gogh's work paired with the Japanese prints, it's obvious they were crucial to the development of his style. He learnt compositional tricks from Japanese woodcuts, embracing their use of colour and perspective. More crucial still, they led him to create art with a "devotional relationship to nature" entirely new to European painting. This is an important and appealing show that will lead you to an "inescapable" conclusion: "Japanese art turned van Gogh into van Gogh".14. What was Jonathan Jones's view about van Gogh's paintings?

In the second half of the 19th century, Europe was swept by a "mania （狂热）for Japanese aesthetics （美学）"，said Nina Siegal in The New York Times.Closed to outsiders for centuries, Japan had opened itself up to trade and diplomacy, allowing the rest of the world to discover its unique visual culture. Artists were particularly taken with Japonisme, as it was known, and none more so than Vincent van Gogh （1853—90）. Although he never actually visited Japan, the Dutch artist developed a "fascination" with Japanese woodcut prints, collecting hundreds of examples. Increasingly attracted by Japanese culture, van Gogh studied and copied these prints, and their influence inevitably bled into his work. A new exhibition at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum brings together nearly all of the artist's "major" Japanese-influenced works, as well as about 50 of the prints that played a role in the evolution of his "distinctive style".This show has been five years in the making, said Michael Glover in The Independent, "and it delves into （探索）this subject as never before."Van Gogh undoubtedly had a "reverence" for Japanese printmakers like Utagawa Hiroshige and Katsushika Hokusai, said Jonathan Jones in The Guardian. Two "direct copies" he made of Hiroshige nature scenes hang alongside the originals, demonstrating the intense passion with which he studied the work. He drew on Eastern spiritual philosophy too, depicting himself as "a Japanese priest with shaven head" in a "tragic" late self-portrait. Yet I can't help feeling that the exhibition overstates the importance of Japanese art in van Gogh's work. It suggests that everything from his still life drawings to masterpieces like his "lovely" 1888 painting The Harvest were directly inspired by the likes of Hokusai, yet both clearly owe more of a debt to Dutch painting traditions. Ultimately, the claim that van Gogh's art was transformed by Japanese culture "simply does not hold up".I disagree, said Waldemar Januszczak in The Sunday Times. Seeing van Gogh's work paired with the Japanese prints, it's obvious they were crucial to the development of his style. He learnt compositional tricks from Japanese woodcuts, embracing their use of colour and perspective. More crucial still, they led him to create art with a "devotional relationship to nature" entirely new to European painting. This is an important and appealing show that will lead you to an "inescapable" conclusion: "Japanese art turned van Gogh into van Gogh".15. What did Januszczak think of the effect of Japanese paintings on van Gogh's works?

My friend's ten-year-old daughter Julia has a new hobby. Like many of her school pals, she hopes to become a video blogger—a "vlogger”. She's started to record clips of herself for others to watch and "like". She showed me a few, and then gave me a list of famous vloggers to watch. Their names sounded so bizarre. But they are totally familiar to teenage girls.Like an earnest marketing executive, Julia explained to me that it was all a matter of numbers. If her videos are viewed 40,000 times on YouTube, she can have advertisements placed on them; 100,000, and companies would start sending her products to promote. One million and she'd be a YouTube star.This seemed a peculiar phenomenon but Julia is not alone. In fact, her dream is perfectly normal for her generation: one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 have uploaded a video to YouTube. Who can blame them? Vlogging can now be a well-paid career. Unlike the more traditional dream jobs—pop star, doctor, footballer, scientist—it doesn't take much effort. All it requires is a smartphone and gallons of youthful self-confidence.There're plenty of people with that. The 27-year-old British vlogger Zoella has made millions from her channel. Ryan, the six-year-old American host of the YouTube channel Ryan Toys Review, made £8.5 million last year from reviewing toys and sweets.Popular genres on YouTube are the "haul video"—where a vlogger reviews recently received items—and the "unboxing video", in which products are opened and then discussed. The message is: "I've got this, and you haven't." And then comes, “here's where to buy it”. What the vloggers seem to have worked out is that the internet is a giant sales opportunity.Not every girl can be Zoella, so the real winners are the tech companies, who are constantly improving their systems to extract the maximum revenue from their audiences. They are keen to show their desire to help protect children from the darker areas of the internet. "YouTube Kids" is an app （应用软件）which is meant to filter out inappropriate videos, but that is easier said than done. Algorithms （计算程序）haven't yet developed the moral sense to know what is good fbr children.My friend said she was concerned about her daughter's vlogging but that it was difficult to intervene, for most girls in her class were obsessed with it. The girls all hope they might earn millions, travel the world and become famous.16.What does paragraph 1 mainly say about Julia?

My friend's ten-year-old daughter Julia has a new hobby. Like many of her school pals, she hopes to become a video blogger—a "vlogger”. She's started to record clips of herself for others to watch and "like". She showed me a few, and then gave me a list of famous vloggers to watch. Their names sounded so bizarre. But they are totally familiar to teenage girls.Like an earnest marketing executive, Julia explained to me that it was all a matter of numbers. If her videos are viewed 40,000 times on YouTube, she can have advertisements placed on them; 100,000, and companies would start sending her products to promote. One million and she'd be a YouTube star.This seemed a peculiar phenomenon but Julia is not alone. In fact, her dream is perfectly normal for her generation: one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 have uploaded a video to YouTube. Who can blame them? Vlogging can now be a well-paid career. Unlike the more traditional dream jobs—pop star, doctor, footballer, scientist—it doesn't take much effort. All it requires is a smartphone and gallons of youthful self-confidence.There're plenty of people with that. The 27-year-old British vlogger Zoella has made millions from her channel. Ryan, the six-year-old American host of the YouTube channel RyanToysReview, made £8.5 million last year from reviewing toys and sweets.Popular genres on YouTube are the "haul video"—where a vlogger reviews recently received items—and the "unboxing video", in which products are opened and then discussed. The message is: "I've got this, and you haven't." And then comes, “here's where to buy it”. What the vloggers seem to have worked out is that the internet is a giant sales opportunity.Not every girl can be Zoella, so the real winners are the tech companies, who are constantly improving their systems to extract the maximum revenue from their audiences. They are keen to show their desire to help protect children from the darker areas of the internet. "YouTube Kids" is an app （应用软件）which is meant to filter out inappropriate videos, but that is easier said than done. Algorithms （计算程序）haven't yet developed the moral sense to know what is good for children.My friend said she was concerned about her daughter's vlogging but that it was difficult to intervene, for most girls in her class were obsessed with it. The girls all hope they might earn millions, travel the world and become famous.17. Julia believes that her videos on YouTube can make her very _______ .

My friend's ten-year-old daughter Julia has a new hobby. Like many of her school pals, she hopes to become a video blogger—a "vlogger”. She's started to record clips of herself for others to watch and "like". She showed me a few, and then gave me a list of famous vloggers to watch. Their names sounded so bizarre. But they are totally familiar to teenage girls.Like an earnest marketing executive, Julia explained to me that it was all a matter of numbers. If her videos are viewed 40,000 times on YouTube, she can have advertisements placed on them; 100,000, and companies would start sending her products to promote. One million and she'd be a YouTube star.This seemed a peculiar phenomenon but Julia is not alone. In fact, her dream is perfectly normal for her generation: one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 have uploaded a video to YouTube. Who can blame them? Vlogging can now be a well-paid career. Unlike the more traditional dream jobs—pop star, doctor, footballer, scientist—it doesn't take much effort. All it requires is a smartphone and gallons of youthful self-confidence.There're plenty of people with that. The 27-year-old British vlogger Zoella has made millions from her channel. Ryan, the six-year-old American host of the YouTube channel RyanToysReview, made £8.5 million last year from reviewing toys and sweets.Popular genres on YouTube are the "haul video"—where a vlogger reviews recently received items—and the "unboxing video", in which products are opened and then discussed. The message is: "I've got this, and you haven't." And then comes, “here's where to buy it”. What the vloggers seem to have worked out is that the internet is a giant sales opportunity.Not every girl can be Zoella, so the real winners are the tech companies, who are constantly improving their systems to extract the maximum revenue from their audiences. They are keen to show their desire to help protect children from the darker areas of the internet. "YouTube Kids" is an app （应用软件）which is meant to filter out inappropriate videos, but that is easier said than done. Algorithms （计算程序）haven't yet developed the moral sense to know what is good fbr children.My friend said she was concerned about her daughter's vlogging but that it was difficult to intervene, for most girls in her class were obsessed with it. The girls all hope they might earn millions, travel the world and become famous.18. How does the author feel about Julia's dream?

My friend's ten-year-old daughter Julia has a new hobby. Like many of her school pals, she hopes to become a video blogger—a "vlogger”. She's started to record clips of herself for others to watch and "like". She showed me a few, and then gave me a list of famous vloggers to watch. Their names sounded so bizarre. But they are totally familiar to teenage girls.Like an earnest marketing executive, Julia explained to me that it was all a matter of numbers. If her videos are viewed 40,000 times on YouTube, she can have advertisements placed on them; 100,000, and companies would start sending her products to promote. One million and she'd be a YouTube star.This seemed a peculiar phenomenon but Julia is not alone. In fact, her dream is perfectly normal for her generation: one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 have uploaded a video to YouTube. Who can blame them? Vlogging can now be a well-paid career. Unlike the more traditional dream jobs—pop star, doctor, footballer, scientist—it doesn't take much effort. All it requires is a smartphone and gallons of youthful self-confidence.There're plenty of people with that. The 27-year-old British vlogger Zoella has made millions from her channel. Ryan, the six-year-old American host of the YouTube channel RyanToysReview, made £8.5 million last year from reviewing toys and sweets.Popular genres on YouTube are the "haul video"—where a vlogger reviews recently received items—and the "unboxing video", in which products are opened and then discussed. The message is: "I've got this, and you haven't." And then comes, “here's where to buy it”. What the vloggers seem to have worked out is that the internet is a giant sales opportunity.Not every girl can be Zoella, so the real winners are the tech companies, who are constantly improving their systems to extract the maximum revenue from their audiences. They are keen to show their desire to help protect children from the darker areas of the internet. "YouTube Kids" is an app （应用软件）which is meant to filter out inappropriate videos, but that is easier said than done. Algorithms （计算程序）haven't yet developed the moral sense to know what is good fbr children.My friend said she was concerned about her daughter's vlogging but that it was difficult to intervene, for most girls in her class were obsessed with it. The girls all hope they might earn millions, travel the world and become famous.19. What does the girl in the "haul video" do?

My friend's ten-year-old daughter Julia has a new hobby. Like many of her school pals, she hopes to become a video blogger—a "vlogger”. She's started to record clips of herself for others to watch and "like". She showed me a few, and then gave me a list of famous vloggers to watch. Their names sounded so bizarre. But they are totally familiar to teenage girls.Like an earnest marketing executive, Julia explained to me that it was all a matter of numbers. If her videos are viewed 40,000 times on YouTube, she can have advertisements placed on them; 100,000, and companies would start sending her products to promote. One million and she'd be a YouTube star.This seemed a peculiar phenomenon but Julia is not alone. In fact, her dream is perfectly normal for her generation: one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 have uploaded a video to YouTube. Who can blame them? Vlogging can now be a well-paid career. Unlike the more traditional dream jobs—pop star, doctor, footballer, scientist—it doesn't take much effort. All it requires is a smartphone and gallons of youthful self-confidence.There're plenty of people with that. The 27-year-old British vlogger Zoella has made millions from her channel. Ryan, the six-year-old American host of the YouTube channel RyanToysReview, made £8.5 million last year from reviewing toys and sweets.Popular genres on YouTube are the "haul video"—where a vlogger reviews recently received items—and the "unboxing video", in which products are opened and then discussed. The message is: "I've got this, and you haven't." And then comes, “here's where to buy it”. What the vloggers seem to have worked out is that the internet is a giant sales opportunity.Not every girl can be Zoella, so the real winners are the tech companies, who are constantly improving their systems to extract the maximum revenue from their audiences. They are keen to show their desire to help protect children from the darker areas of the internet. "YouTube Kids" is an app （应用软件）which is meant to filter out inappropriate videos, but that is easier said than done. Algorithms （计算程序）haven't yet developed the moral sense to know what is good for children.My friend said she was concerned about her daughter's vlogging but that it was difficult to intervene, for most girls in her class were obsessed with it. The girls all hope they might earn millions, travel the world and become famous.20. What does the author say about "YouTube Kids"?

From Monday to Friday, many of us have an early start and a long day. By the time we've gone to bed and managed to fall asleep, we've been woken up by the alarm to do it all again. Come the weekend, we're totally exhausted. We sleep in way past our usual wake-up time just to stay in sync （同时）enough to start again on Monday.Welcome to social jet lag. That's the term for the difference between our working-week sleeping pattern, when our sleep times relate to our responsibilities, and the weekend, when we can wake when we choose. And depending on what type of person you are, the difference can be significant.For night owls—those whose natural rhythm is to wake and go to bed later—there can be significant health-related issues, according to a recent study published by Taylor and Francis Group online. The study concludes the bigger the difference between working-week and weekend sleep times, the greater the health issues—including a higher risk of heart disease and other metabolic （新陈代谢的）problems. And because so many jobs and tasks start early, night owls are effectively forced into harmonizing with the early birds.So what can night owls do: force themselves to integrate by sacrificing their lie-in?" It's the worst thing you can do," says Professor Till Roenneberg at the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. This is because people's sleep pattern is half determined by genetics. The other half is related to their age and environment. Getting less sleep is unlikely to realign （调整）your genetic tendencies.Our bodies evolved to coordinate with the rise and fall of the Sun. We should feel sleepy as the light gradually disappears. But modern life, with its artificial light and modern devices, such as computers and smartphones, means we have turned away from the normal way. Now we are exposed to more light for longer periods of time, keeping our bodies awake longer. For night owls, who already tend to sleep later, this delays things even further.One solution, beyond changing society's early-start tendencies, is to reorient our body clock by manipulating our exposure to light. By taking more sunlight in the morning and minimizing the amount of artificial light we are exposed to in the evening—particularly on electronic devices—we can rebalance our bodies to feel sleepy earlier. It's far from easy, but better than losing your whole weekend to sleep.21.What causes social jet lag according to the passage?

From Monday to Friday, many of us have an early start and a long day. By the time we've gone to bed and managed to fall asleep, we've been woken up by the alarm to do it all again. Come the weekend, we're totally exhausted. We sleep in way past our usual wake-up time just to stay in sync （同时）enough to start again on Monday.Welcome to social jet lag. That's the term for the difference between our working-week sleeping pattern, when our sleep times relate to our responsibilities, and the weekend, when we can wake when we choose. And depending on what type of person you are, the difference can be significant.For night owls—those whose natural rhythm is to wake and go to bed later—there can be significant health-related issues, according to a recent study published by Taylor and Francis Group online. The study concludes the bigger the difference between working-week and weekend sleep times, the greater the health issues—including a higher risk of heart disease and other metabolic （新陈代谢的）problems. And because so many jobs and tasks start early, night owls are effectively forced into harmonizing with the early birds.So what can night owls do: force themselves to integrate by sacrificing their lie-in?" It's the worst thing you can do," says Professor Till Roenneberg at the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. This is because people's sleep pattern is half determined by genetics. The other half is related to their age and environment. Getting less sleep is unlikely to realign （调整）your genetic tendencies.Our bodies evolved to coordinate with the rise and fall of the Sun. We should feel sleepy as the light gradually disappears. But modern life, with its artificial light and modern devices, such as computers and smartphones, means we have turned away from the normal way. Now we are exposed to more light for longer periods of time, keeping our bodies awake longer. For night owls, who already tend to sleep later, this delays things even further.One solution, beyond changing society's early-start tendencies, is to reorient our body clock by manipulating our exposure to light. By taking more sunlight in the morning and minimizing the amount of artificial light we are exposed to in the evening—particularly on electronic devices—we can rebalance our bodies to feel sleepy earlier. It's far from easy, but better than losing your whole weekend to sleep.22.What does the study say about the result of having night owls' sleep pattern?