hard currency

per capital income

In matters relating to the environment, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro,produced an "Earth Charter" , or declaration of basic principles for the conduct of nations and peoples with respect to environment and development;agreements on specific legal measures,including conventions on climate change and biodiversity, and principles for a framework agreement on forests;and an agenda for action("Agenda 21" ) ,establishing the environmental work program agreed by the international community for the period beyond 1992 and into the twentyfirst century.

We have seen that through its monetary policies government can try to control money to curb inflation , fight depressions , and provide full employment. By trying to control the amount of money in circulation,the government influences the amount of investment, savings, and expenditures that take place in the economy. However, as part of its fiscal policy, the government can, if it chooses, also expand or contract its own expenditures. It can build or refrain from building highways, military aircraft,schools and a hundred other things for which it spends money. Because the government spends between 20 percent and 25 percent of the total Gross National Product on goods and services ( excluding transfer payments) ,this spending or restraint will have a major effect on the condition of the economy. When the government increases its level of spending without raising taxes,it is pumping more money into the economy. During sluggish period, this process can serve to heat up the economy, cause new investment, and create jobs. On the other hand , too much stimulus can aggravate inflation. What can monetary policies do when government put them into appropriate use in terms of economy?

We have seen that through its monetary policies government can try to control money to curb inflation , fight depressions , and provide full employment. By trying to control the amount of money in circulation,the government influences the amount of investment, savings, and expenditures that take place in the economy. However, as part of its fiscal policy, the government can, if it chooses, also expand or contract its own expenditures. It can build or refrain from building highways, military aircraft,schools and a hundred other things for which it spends money. Because the government spends between 20 percent and 25 percent of the total Gross National Product on goods and services ( excluding transfer payments) ,this spending or restraint will have a major effect on the condition of the economy. When the government increases its level of spending without raising taxes,it is pumping more money into the economy. During sluggish period, this process can serve to heat up the economy, cause new investment, and create jobs. On the other hand , too much stimulus can aggravate inflation. What does the word¨contract" mean in the paragraph one?

We have seen that through its monetary policies government can try to control money to curb inflation , fight depressions , and provide full employment. By trying to control the amount of money in circulation,the government influences the amount of investment, savings, and expenditures that take place in the economy. However, as part of its fiscal policy, the government can, if it chooses, also expand or contract its own expenditures. It can build or refrain from building highways, military aircraft,schools and a hundred other things for which it spends money. Because the government spends between 20 percent and 25 percent of the total Gross National Product on goods and services ( excluding transfer payments) ,this spending or restraint will have a major effect on the condition of the economy. When the government increases its level of spending without raising taxes,it is pumping more money into the economy. During sluggish period, this process can serve to heat up the economy, cause new investment, and create jobs. On the other hand , too much stimulus can aggravate inflation. What will happen if government does not collect extra taxes but spend out more money?

(Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of South Africa, values declined in line with platinum and New York advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with New York as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the U. S. budget trade and a cut in the bank of Japan’s discount rate.)What does “coming in for early support” mean?

(Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of South Africa, values declined in line with platinum and New York advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with New York as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the U. S. budget trade and a cut in the bank of Japan’s discount rate.)What meaning does the word “advice” carry in the given context? And what were “New York advices”?

(Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of South Africa, values declined in line with platinum and New York advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with New York as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the U. S. budget trade and a cut in the bank of Japan’s discount rate.)“…the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the U. S. budget trade and a cut in the Bank of Japan’s discount rate.” How could the above-mentioned developments help strengthen the dollar?

Some representatives of US business , seething over what they view as protectionist EC policies ,praised this action.