China has borrowed almost US $2 billion from the World Bank and its affiliates, but a substantial proportion of these loans are still to be disburse.

Culture differences are sometimes ignored in marketing campaigns. Culture awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation of your products. There are subtleties and nuances(细微差别)to every culture. Almost all people wouldn't be able to list the rules of their own culture ;they certainly know when those rules are violated. In Japan , for example , a major household products company spent many millions of dollars on a marketing campaign in advance of introducing its laundry detergent (清洁剂). Nevertheless , when the detergent was made available , sales were miniscule. In fact，few shops stocked the soap. Non-tariff trade barriers? No, it was something much simpler. The typically American“large , economy-sized”boxes were far too big for the tiny Japanese retail establishments. And Japanese housewives don' t usually have cars-they walk to the stores and carry their purchase home , to very small living spaces. It can be a big mistake to assume a Pan-Asia market(泛亚市场) or a“Latin American”or“European”buyer. Neighboring cultures elsewhere don’t necessarily share buying preferences any more than a US buyer does with a Mexico consumer. Furthermore , national borders don' t always delineate(描绘) buying behavior ; regional patterns can be just as strong. A US buyer has the same buying behavior as a Mexico consumer.

Culture differences are sometimes ignored in marketing campaigns. Culture awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation of your products. There are subtleties and nuances(细微差别)to every culture. Almost all people wouldn't be able to list the rules of their own culture ;they certainly know when those rules are violated. In Japan , for example , a major household products company spent many millions of dollars on a marketing campaign in advance of introducing its laundry detergent (清洁剂). Nevertheless , when the detergent was made available , sales were miniscule. In fact，few shops stocked the soap. Non-tariff trade barriers? No, it was something much simpler. The typically American“large , economy-sized”boxes were far too big for the tiny Japanese retail establishments. And Japanese housewives don' t usually have cars-they walk to the stores and carry their purchase home , to very small living spaces. It can be a big mistake to assume a Pan-Asia market(泛亚市场) or a“Latin American”or“European”buyer. Neighboring cultures elsewhere don’t necessarily share buying preferences any more than a US buyer does with a Mexico consumer. Furthermore , national borders don' t always delineate(描绘) buying behavior ; regional patterns can be just as strong. Perhaps buying preferences are quite different among national borders.

Since the late 1970s China has also adopted foreign trade practices long-established in many other countries. Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer, while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods , produced by the equipment provided, in return. Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product.

资本货物

有形贸易收支

国民收入

国际收支

Bank of International Settlements

trade surplus