The Workers' Role in ManagementTraditionally，it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting（咨询）the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled（被迫）to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most，companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management.Furthermore，major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers play a stronger role in management？Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.A common complaint among rank-and-file workers（普通工人）is the lack of information about company policies and actions.Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims（受害者）of plant closings and permanent layoffs（解雇），often with no warning.At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions（让步）that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial（管理的）decision making.There ought to be representatives（代表）of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale（士气）will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive（激励）they must be given a share in the company's profits.This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans，bonuses（奖金），or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase（购买）the plant and run it themselves.【第9题】An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares in the company's profits.

The Workers' Role in ManagementTraditionally，it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting（咨询）the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled（被迫）to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most，companies have provided ”suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management.Furthermore，major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers play a stronger role in management？Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.A common complaint among rank-and-file workers（普通工人）is the lack of information about company policies and actions.Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims（受害者）of plant closings and permanent layoffs（解雇），often with no warning.At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions（让步）that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial（管理的）decision making.There ought to be representatives（代表）of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale（士气）will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive（激励）they must be given a share in the company's profits.This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans，bonuses（奖金），or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase（购买）the plant and run it themselves.【第10题】Workers should be allowed to buy the plant if it cannot make a profit anymore.

Television Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies , marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility , which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics , television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera ) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses , when fed into a receiver (television set) , can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication , and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled , for the most part , by the broadcast networks , ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.【第11题】What is the literal meaning of the word "television" ?

Television Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies , marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility , which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics , television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera ) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses , when fed into a receiver (television set) , can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication , and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled , for the most part , by the broadcast networks , ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.【第12题】What field of television is intended for specific groups?

Television Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies , marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility , which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics , television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera ) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses , when fed into a receiver (television set) , can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication , and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled , for the most part , by the broadcast networks , ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.【第13题】According to the passage, how many major networks are there?

Television Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies , marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility , which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics , television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera ) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses , when fed into a receiver (television set) , can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication , and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled , for the most part , by the broadcast networks , ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.【第14题】Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in television transmissions?

Television Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies , marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility , which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics , television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera ) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses , when fed into a receiver (television set) , can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication , and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled , for the most part , by the broadcast networks , ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.【第15题】Which of the following statements about the relationship between television and its viewers can best be inferred from the passage?

Soot（烟灰）and Snow: a Hot Combination①New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions（释放）of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation（模拟），black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.②Soot in the higher latitudes（纬度）of the Earth，where ice is more common，absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy，white background. Dark-colored black carbon，or soot，absorbs sunlight，while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.③Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback，as glaciers and ice sheet smelt，they tend to get even dirtier，" said Dr. James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies，New York.④Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo（反照率）（solar energy reflected back to space），which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost（永冻层）.Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.⑤”Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon，"Hansen said. Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. “This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide（二氧化物）forcing of the same magnitude（量，大小），”Hansen noted.⑥Hansen cautioned , although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial , it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.⑦The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers ' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.【第16题】Paragraph①____.A.Soot' s Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land;B.Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere;C.Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot;D.Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change;E.Black Soot Contributing to Global W arming;F.Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

Soot（烟灰）and Snow: a Hot Combination①New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions（释放）of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation（模拟），black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.②Soot in the higher latitudes（纬度）of the Earth，where ice is more common，absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy，white background. Dark-colored black carbon，or soot，absorbs sunlight，while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.③Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback，as glaciers and ice sheet smelt，they tend to get even dirtier，" said Dr. James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies，New York.④Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo（反照率）（solar energy reflected back to space），which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost（永冻层）.Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.⑤”Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon，"Hansen said. Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. “This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide（二氧化物）forcing of the same magnitude（量，大小），”Hansen noted.⑥Hansen cautioned , although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial , it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.⑦The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers ' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.【第17题】Paragraph②____.A.Soot' s Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land;B.Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere;C.Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot;D.Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change;E.Black Soot Contributing to Global W arming;F.Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

Soot（烟灰）and Snow: a Hot Combination①New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions（释放）of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation（模拟），black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.②Soot in the higher latitudes（纬度）of the Earth，where ice is more common，absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy，white background. Dark-colored black carbon，or soot，absorbs sunlight，while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.③Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback，as glaciers and ice sheet smelt，they tend to get even dirtier，" said Dr. James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies，New York.④Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo（反照率）（solar energy reflected back to space），which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost（永冻层）.Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.⑤”Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon，"Hansen said. Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. “This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide（二氧化物）forcing of the same magnitude（量，大小），”Hansen noted.⑥Hansen cautioned , although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial , it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.⑦The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers ' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.【第18题】Paragraph③____.A.Soot' s Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land;B.Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere;C.Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot;D.Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change;E.Black Soot Contributing to Global W arming;F.Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming