Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. A ritual is any "have-to" behavior that is predictably and compulsively engaged in.Personal feelings are secondary to these mandates. You give the birthday gift or celebrate Mother's Day whether you feel like it or not. Transgressing(违反) ritual usually causes discomfort or hostility. For example,a husband gets angry when dinner is late. Or the wife gets angry because her husband forgot to kiss her at the door or does not wish to visit his in-laws on Sunday afternoon. Often there is a furious outburst. The one who did not carry out the ritual is made to feel guilty while the "denied" person feels rejected and angry. Rituals disguise the process of the relationship, what it would look like if left to spontaneous interaction. The resistance and resentment surrounding a ritualistic "should" response emerges indirectly. A man who comes home for dinner at six, though he would have preferred being elsewhere, may show resentment through distraction, forgetting things, non-participation in the conversation at the table, or may suddenly explode over a minor incident. In my research on people's honeymoon experiences a large percentage of those looking back years later expressed disappointment, particularly women, who felt freer to be honest about their feelings. Giving the good-night kiss, doing things together, and "being nice" to each other are all a part of the rituals of honeymoons. There is great pressure to suppress any resistances, boredom, or conflicting feelings. Consequently, it is not uncommon for one partner or both to drink too much or become ill during the honeymoon, shortening the length of the trip. The honeymoon experience is full of ritualistic behavior and expectations that produce sudden, unpredictable outbursts of anger over petty incidents. In general, he more polarized(极化的) the couple in their masculine-feminine(男女的) condit, the less they can share on an active, daily basis. Consequently, they require a maximum of ritualistic behavior to structure the relationship. On the contrary, the more two people choose each other as partners out of genuine liking rather than ability to play a role, the less ritualized their interaction will need to be. A good-night kiss can be joyfully and passionately given, but it becomes a ritual if no real choice is being made  What does the last paragraph suggest?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Everyone is trying to convince you of something And you spend a lot of time trying to decide what you should do, that is, trying to convince yourself. Thinking. critically is a defense against a world of too much information and too many people trying to convince us.But it is more. Reasoning is what distinguishes us from beasts. Many of them can see better, can hear better, and are stronger. But they cannot plan, they cannot think through, they cannot discuss in the hopes of understanding better. A student majoring in anthropology(人类学) took the course of critical thinking.then he went over his term paper, analyzing it as we would in class, and made some changes in it. He showed me the professor's comments, which were roughly "Beautifully reasoned, clear. A+." He said it was the first A+ he'd ever gotten. I can't promise that you'll get an A on all your term papers after taking this course. But you'll be able to comprehend better what you're reading and write more clearly and convincingly Once in a while I'll tune into a sports talk show on the radio. All kinds of people call in. Some of them talk nonsense, but more often the comments are clear and well reasoned. The callers know the details, the facts, and make serious projections(推测) about what might be the best strategy based on past experience They comment on what caused a team to win or lose; they reason with great skill and reject bad arguments. I expect that you can too, at least on subjects you consider important. What we hope to do in this course is hone(磨炼) that skill, sharpen your judgment, and show you that the methods of evaluating reasoning apply to much in your life In trying to understand how to reason well, we'll also study bad ways to convince, ways we wish to avoid, ways that misuse emotions or rely on deception. You could use that knowledge to become a bad trial lawyer, but hope you will learn a love of reasoning well, for it is not just ethical to reason well; it is more effective in the long run. Critical thinking is part of the study of philosophy: the love of wisdom. We might not reach the truth, but we can be searchers, lovers of wisdom, and treat others as if they are, too.  What can we learn from the first paragraph?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Everyone is trying to convince you of something And you spend a lot of time trying to decide what you should do, that is, trying to convince yourself. Thinking. critically is a defense against a world of too much information and too many people trying to convince us.But it is more. Reasoning is what distinguishes us from beasts. Many of them can see better, can hear better, and are stronger. But they cannot plan, they cannot think through, they cannot discuss in the hopes of understanding better. A student majoring in anthropology(人类学) took the course of critical thinking.then he went over his term paper, analyzing it as we would in class, and made some changes in it. He showed me the professor's comments, which were roughly "Beautifully reasoned, clear. A+." He said it was the first A+ he'd ever gotten. I can't promise that you'll get an A on all your term papers after taking this course. But you'll be able to comprehend better what you're reading and write more clearly and convincingly Once in a while I'll tune into a sports talk show on the radio. All kinds of people call in. Some of them talk nonsense, but more often the comments are clear and well reasoned. The callers know the details, the facts, and make serious projections(推测) about what might be the best strategy based on past experience They comment on what caused a team to win or lose; they reason with great skill and reject bad arguments. I expect that you can too, at least on subjects you consider important. What we hope to do in this course is hone(磨炼) that skill, sharpen your judgment, and show you that the methods of evaluating reasoning apply to much in your life In trying to understand how to reason well, we'll also study bad ways to convince, ways we wish to avoid, ways that misuse emotions or rely on deception. You could use that knowledge to become a bad trial lawyer, but hope you will learn a love of reasoning well, for it is not just ethical to reason well; it is more effective in the long run. Critical thinking is part of the study of philosophy: the love of wisdom. We might not reach the truth, but we can be searchers, lovers of wisdom, and treat others as if they are, too.  For what purpose do we need to develop our ability to think critically?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Everyone is trying to convince you of something And you spend a lot of time trying to decide what you should do, that is, trying to convince yourself. Thinking. critically is a defense against a world of too much information and too many people trying to convince us.But it is more. Reasoning is what distinguishes us from beasts. Many of them can see better, can hear better, and are stronger. But they cannot plan, they cannot think through, they cannot discuss in the hopes of understanding better. A student majoring in anthropology(人类学) took the course of critical thinking.then he went over his term paper, analyzing it as we would in class, and made some changes in it. He showed me the professor's comments, which were roughly "Beautifully reasoned, clear. A+." He said it was the first A+ he'd ever gotten. I can't promise that you'll get an A on all your term papers after taking this course. But you'll be able to comprehend better what you're reading and write more clearly and convincingly Once in a while I'll tune into a sports talk show on the radio. All kinds of people call in. Some of them talk nonsense, but more often the comments are clear and well reasoned. The callers know the details, the facts, and make serious projections(推测) about what might be the best strategy based on past experience They comment on what caused a team to win or lose; they reason with great skill and reject bad arguments. I expect that you can too, at least on subjects you consider important. What we hope to do in this course is hone(磨炼) that skill, sharpen your judgment, and show you that the methods of evaluating reasoning apply to much in your life In trying to understand how to reason well, we'll also study bad ways to convince, ways we wish to avoid, ways that misuse emotions or rely on deception. You could use that knowledge to become a bad trial lawyer, but hope you will learn a love of reasoning well, for it is not just ethical to reason well; it is more effective in the long run. Critical thinking is part of the study of philosophy: the love of wisdom. We might not reach the truth, but we can be searchers, lovers of wisdom, and treat others as if they are, too.  The author refers to the sports talk show on the radio to show____

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Everyone is trying to convince you of something And you spend a lot of time trying to decide what you should do, that is, trying to convince yourself. Thinking. critically is a defense against a world of too much information and too many people trying to convince us.But it is more. Reasoning is what distinguishes us from beasts. Many of them can see better, can hear better, and are stronger. But they cannot plan, they cannot think through, they cannot discuss in the hopes of understanding better. A student majoring in anthropology(人类学) took the course of critical thinking.then he went over his term paper, analyzing it as we would in class, and made some changes in it. He showed me the professor's comments, which were roughly "Beautifully reasoned, clear. A+." He said it was the first A+ he'd ever gotten. I can't promise that you'll get an A on all your term papers after taking this course. But you'll be able to comprehend better what you're reading and write more clearly and convincingly Once in a while I'll tune into a sports talk show on the radio. All kinds of people call in. Some of them talk nonsense, but more often the comments are clear and well reasoned. The callers know the details, the facts, and make serious projections(推测) about what might be the best strategy based on past experience They comment on what caused a team to win or lose; they reason with great skill and reject bad arguments. I expect that you can too, at least on subjects you consider important. What we hope to do in this course is hone(磨炼) that skill, sharpen your judgment, and show you that the methods of evaluating reasoning apply to much in your life In trying to understand how to reason well, we'll also study bad ways to convince, ways we wish to avoid, ways that misuse emotions or rely on deception. You could use that knowledge to become a bad trial lawyer, but hope you will learn a love of reasoning well, for it is not just ethical to reason well; it is more effective in the long run. Critical thinking is part of the study of philosophy: the love of wisdom. We might not reach the truth, but we can be searchers, lovers of wisdom, and treat others as if they are, too.  What can we learn from the last paragraph?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Everyone is trying to convince you of something And you spend a lot of time trying to decide what you should do, that is, trying to convince yourself. Thinking. critically is a defense against a world of too much information and too many people trying to convince us.But it is more. Reasoning is what distinguishes us from beasts. Many of them can see better, can hear better, and are stronger. But they cannot plan, they cannot think through, they cannot discuss in the hopes of understanding better. A student majoring in anthropology(人类学) took the course of critical thinking.then he went over his term paper, analyzing it as we would in class, and made some changes in it. He showed me the professor's comments, which were roughly "Beautifully reasoned, clear. A+." He said it was the first A+ he'd ever gotten. I can't promise that you'll get an A on all your term papers after taking this course. But you'll be able to comprehend better what you're reading and write more clearly and convincingly Once in a while I'll tune into a sports talk show on the radio. All kinds of people call in. Some of them talk nonsense, but more often the comments are clear and well reasoned. The callers know the details, the facts, and make serious projections(推测) about what might be the best strategy based on past experience They comment on what caused a team to win or lose; they reason with great skill and reject bad arguments. I expect that you can too, at least on subjects you consider important. What we hope to do in this course is hone(磨炼) that skill, sharpen your judgment, and show you that the methods of evaluating reasoning apply to much in your life In trying to understand how to reason well, we'll also study bad ways to convince, ways we wish to avoid, ways that misuse emotions or rely on deception. You could use that knowledge to become a bad trial lawyer, but hope you will learn a love of reasoning well, for it is not just ethical to reason well; it is more effective in the long run. Critical thinking is part of the study of philosophy: the love of wisdom. We might not reach the truth, but we can be searchers, lovers of wisdom, and treat others as if they are, too.  What is probably the author's professional job?

Passage 5   Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.   Mary has a huge smile on her face. The 18-year-old from Arlington has a lot of reasons to be happy. Her high school graduation is just days away. She goes to Guatemala in the summer to work there with her church. Then, in the fall, she will head to Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania. But that is not why she is smiling right now. Tonight, in a beautiful long dress, with her hair perfectly curled, she is excited to be going to prom. A prom is a formal dance for high school students that’s usually at the end of the year. Born in the United States more than 100 years ago, prom has spread to other parts of the world. In America, it has become an industry similar to the wedding business. A study found that, on average, an American family spends more than 900 dollars on prom. Much of it is spent on what the young adults wear to the formal dance. And then there are costs linked to hair and makeup, flowers for prom dates,dinner and transpotation .It adds up. But some students find ways to make the event more economical .“I borrowed my dress,”says Maggie. Like Mary, Maggie is a senior at Yorktown High School in Arlington. She got her makeup done without cost by a friend. Mary also cuts costs. She bought her dress online for far less than she would have paid in the stores. She also did her own hair. Many girls choose to get ready for the prom with friends.They might get their hair done at a beauty shop together or hire a Professional makeup artist to Share the costs. Probably the least costly thing about prom is the ticket to the dance. Yorktown held its event at a hotel in Arlington. The tickets were $45. Maggie and Mary were among about 15 friends who spent the evening together. This is a common tradition. The kids will gather at a student’s house, and then go to dinner together at a restaurant. Asking someone to prom, however, is no small task in the United States. “Promposals,” as they are called, are supposed to take time to plan. Sometimes a kid will make a big poster to invite someone to prom. Some kids might buy a gift to present when they ask someone to prom. Some promposals can be far more elaborate but most promposals are simple and sweet. And sometimes getting the “yes” response is the best part of prom.  Why is Mary smiling now?

Passage 5   Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.   Mary has a huge smile on her face. The 18-year-old from Arlington has a lot of reasons to be happy. Her high school graduation is just days away. She goes to Guatemala in the summer to work there with her church. Then, in the fall, she will head to Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania. But that is not why she is smiling right now. Tonight, in a beautiful long dress, with her hair perfectly curled, she is excited to be going to prom. A prom is a formal dance for high school students that’s usually at the end of the year. Born in the United States more than 100 years ago, prom has spread to other parts of the world. In America, it has become an industry similar to the wedding business. A study found that, on average, an American family spends more than 900 dollars on prom. Much of it is spent on what the young adults wear to the formal dance. And then there are costs linked to hair and makeup, flowers for prom dates,dinner and transpotation .It adds up. But some students find ways to make the event more economical .“I borrowed my dress,”says Maggie. Like Mary, Maggie is a senior at Yorktown High School in Arlington. She got her makeup done without cost by a friend. Mary also cuts costs. She bought her dress online for far less than she would have paid in the stores. She also did her own hair. Many girls choose to get ready for the prom with friends.They might get their hair done at a beauty shop together or hire a Professional makeup artist to Share the costs. Probably the least costly thing about prom is the ticket to the dance. Yorktown held its event at a hotel in Arlington. The tickets were $45. Maggie and Mary were among about 15 friends who spent the evening together. This is a common tradition. The kids will gather at a student’s house, and then go to dinner together at a restaurant. Asking someone to prom, however, is no small task in the United States. “Promposals,” as they are called, are supposed to take time to plan. Sometimes a kid will make a big poster to invite someone to prom. Some kids might buy a gift to present when they ask someone to prom. Some promposals can be far more elaborate but most promposals are simple and sweet. And sometimes getting the “yes” response is the best part of prom.  What can we learn about prom in the United States?

Passage 5   Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.   Mary has a huge smile on her face. The 18-year-old from Arlington has a lot of reasons to be happy. Her high school graduation is just days away. She goes to Guatemala in the summer to work there with her church. Then, in the fall, she will head to Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania. But that is not why she is smiling right now. Tonight, in a beautiful long dress, with her hair perfectly curled, she is excited to be going to prom. A prom is a formal dance for high school students that’s usually at the end of the year. Born in the United States more than 100 years ago, prom has spread to other parts of the world. In America, it has become an industry similar to the wedding business. A study found that, on average, an American family spends more than 900 dollars on prom. Much of it is spent on what the young adults wear to the formal dance. And then there are costs linked to hair and makeup, flowers for prom dates,dinner and transpotation .It adds up. But some students find ways to make the event more economical .“I borrowed my dress,”says Maggie. Like Mary, Maggie is a senior at Yorktown High School in Arlington. She got her makeup done without cost by a friend. Mary also cuts costs. She bought her dress online for far less than she would have paid in the stores. She also did her own hair. Many girls choose to get ready for the prom with friends.They might get their hair done at a beauty shop together or hire a Professional makeup artist to Share the costs. Probably the least costly thing about prom is the ticket to the dance. Yorktown held its event at a hotel in Arlington. The tickets were $45. Maggie and Mary were among about 15 friends who spent the evening together. This is a common tradition. The kids will gather at a student’s house, and then go to dinner together at a restaurant. Asking someone to prom, however, is no small task in the United States. “Promposals,” as they are called, are supposed to take time to plan. Sometimes a kid will make a big poster to invite someone to prom. Some kids might buy a gift to present when they ask someone to prom. Some promposals can be far more elaborate but most promposals are simple and sweet. And sometimes getting the “yes” response is the best part of prom.  How did Maggie manage to cut costs for the prom?

Passage 5   Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.   Mary has a huge smile on her face. The 18-year-old from Arlington has a lot of reasons to be happy. Her high school graduation is just days away. She goes to Guatemala in the summer to work there with her church. Then, in the fall, she will head to Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania. But that is not why she is smiling right now. Tonight, in a beautiful long dress, with her hair perfectly curled, she is excited to be going to prom. A prom is a formal dance for high school students that’s usually at the end of the year. Born in the United States more than 100 years ago, prom has spread to other parts of the world. In America, it has become an industry similar to the wedding business. A study found that, on average, an American family spends more than 900 dollars on prom. Much of it is spent on what the young adults wear to the formal dance. And then there are costs linked to hair and makeup, flowers for prom dates,dinner and transpotation .It adds up. But some students find ways to make the event more economical .“I borrowed my dress,”says Maggie. Like Mary, Maggie is a senior at Yorktown High School in Arlington. She got her makeup done without cost by a friend. Mary also cuts costs. She bought her dress online for far less than she would have paid in the stores. She also did her own hair. Many girls choose to get ready for the prom with friends.They might get their hair done at a beauty shop together or hire a Professional makeup artist to Share the costs. Probably the least costly thing about prom is the ticket to the dance. Yorktown held its event at a hotel in Arlington. The tickets were $45. Maggie and Mary were among about 15 friends who spent the evening together. This is a common tradition. The kids will gather at a student’s house, and then go to dinner together at a restaurant. Asking someone to prom, however, is no small task in the United States. “Promposals,” as they are called, are supposed to take time to plan. Sometimes a kid will make a big poster to invite someone to prom. Some kids might buy a gift to present when they ask someone to prom. Some promposals can be far more elaborate but most promposals are simple and sweet. And sometimes getting the “yes” response is the best part of prom.  What do kids sometimes do to invite someone to prom?