Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. During World War II, many American women joined the armed forces and served side by side with the men. More than 200,000 women volunteered to serve in the armed forces. The women did not go into battle with guns But they did perform countless useful-and often dangerous-tasks, which freed the men for the fighting. And thousands of nurses risked-and sometimes lost-their lives treating the wounded while the enemy was attacking. One group of women performed very special job. That was because they had a special skill. They were pilots. The United States had not yet entered the war in 1940. But Americans were selling airplanes to the British. Canada was supplying even more. The planes were vital to Britain's survival. They had to be gotten overseas as quickly as possible. What was the fastest way? By air, of course. Trained American and Canadian pilots were already flying for Britain's Royal Air Force. Every man who could fly a plane was already fighting in Europe. Someone had to fly the new planes across the ocean. Who could do it? The women! Jacqueline Cochran was one of America's best-known pilots when the war began. She described how the women pilots got involved in the war and what they did: “Late in 1940 General Arnold said they needed pilots desperately for ferrying airplanes from Canada to England, and he asked me if I could be of any help. I said I would be happy to volunteer, and my services were immediately accepted. It was a difficult task with a high death rate. I got shot at over the North Atlantic and others did too. We usually got to England with only about two and half hours of fuel to spare,and that is hazardous(危险的)”. Often, after a long trip—and just a few hours'sleep—the women were flown back to Canada to pick up more planes. When the United States entered the war the women pilots were formed into a group called WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots). Miss Cochran became their commanding officer. The women continued to serve until 1944. More than 1,000 women kept American and British pilots supplied with new planes during the war. They flew every type of plane that was built. And they won the admiration of thousands of combat pilots.What did General Arnold say America needed desperately late in 1940?

Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. During World War II, many American women joined the armed forces and served side by side with the men. More than 200,000 women volunteered to serve in the armed forces. The women did not go into battle with guns But they did perform countless useful-and often dangerous-tasks, which freed the men for the fighting. And thousands of nurses risked-and sometimes lost-their lives treating the wounded while the enemy was attacking. One group of women performed very special job. That was because they had a special skill. They were pilots. The United States had not yet entered the war in 1940. But Americans were selling airplanes to the British. Canada was supplying even more. The planes were vital to Britain's survival. They had to be gotten overseas as quickly as possible. What was the fastest way? By air, of course. Trained American and Canadian pilots were already flying for Britain's Royal Air Force. Every man who could fly a plane was already fighting in Europe. Someone had to fly the new planes across the ocean. Who could do it? The women! Jacqueline Cochran was one of America's best-known pilots when the war began. She described how the women pilots got involved in the war and what they did: “Late in 1940 General Arnold said they needed pilots desperately for ferrying airplanes from Canada to England, and he asked me if I could be of any help. I said I would be happy to volunteer, and my services were immediately accepted. It was a difficult task with a high death rate. I got shot at over the North Atlantic and others did too. We usually got to England with only about two and half hours of fuel to spare,and that is hazardous(危险的)”. Often, after a long trip—and just a few hours'sleep—the women were flown back to Canada to pick up more planes. When the United States entered the war the women pilots were formed into a group called WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots). Miss Cochran became their commanding officer. The women continued to serve until 1944. More than 1,000 women kept American and British pilots supplied with new planes during the war. They flew every type of plane that was built. And they won the admiration of thousands of combat pilots.What does the passage say about the special group of women?

Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. During World War II, many American women joined the armed forces and served side by side with the men. More than 200,000 women volunteered to serve in the armed forces. The women did not go into battle with guns But they did perform countless useful-and often dangerous-tasks, which freed the men for the fighting. And thousands of nurses risked-and sometimes lost-their lives treating the wounded while the enemy was attacking. One group of women performed very special job. That was because they had a special skill. They were pilots. The United States had not yet entered the war in 1940. But Americans were selling airplanes to the British. Canada was supplying even more. The planes were vital to Britain's survival. They had to be gotten overseas as quickly as possible. What was the fastest way? By air, of course. Trained American and Canadian pilots were already flying for Britain's Royal Air Force. Every man who could fly a plane was already fighting in Europe. Someone had to fly the new planes across the ocean. Who could do it? The women! Jacqueline Cochran was one of America's best-known pilots when the war began. She described how the women pilots got involved in the war and what they did: “Late in 1940 General Arnold said they needed pilots desperately for ferrying airplanes from Canada to England, and he asked me if I could be of any help. I said I would be happy to volunteer, and my services were immediately accepted. It was a difficult task with a high death rate. I got shot at over the North Atlantic and others did too. We usually got to England with only about two and half hours of fuel to spare,and that is hazardous(危险的)”. Often, after a long trip—and just a few hours'sleep—the women were flown back to Canada to pick up more planes. When the United States entered the war the women pilots were formed into a group called WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots). Miss Cochran became their commanding officer. The women continued to serve until 1944. More than 1,000 women kept American and British pilots supplied with new planes during the war. They flew every type of plane that was built. And they won the admiration of thousands of combat pilots.What do we know about Jacqueline Cochran?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Last week I returned to Amherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping that Tom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. I remember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke, so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was in town. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing to anyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or help him find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. He asked, quietly, if it had happened to me. Tom caught me completely by surprise. I wish I had told Tom the truth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, too committed to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. I signed his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn't he looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could have said anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Out of the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away his books, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst, from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Like death itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried that I'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always. But I never really did forget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hall with his shoulders hunched(弓起的). I know this is years too late, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth. I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'm thinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I was afraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'm going to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence will not protect me. Yes, it happened to me.  What was the author doing when she met Tom?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Last week I returned to Amherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping that Tom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. I remember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke, so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was in town. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing to anyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or help him find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. He asked, quietly, if it had happened to me. Tom caught me completely by surprise. I wish I had told Tom the truth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, too committed to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. I signed his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn't he looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could have said anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Out of the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away his books, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst, from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Like death itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried that I'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always. But I never really did forget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hall with his shoulders hunched(弓起的). I know this is years too late, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth. I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'm thinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I was afraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'm going to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence will not protect me. Yes, it happened to me.  What did Tom want to know about the incident mentioned in the author's book?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Last week I returned to Amherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping that Tom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. I remember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke, so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was in town. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing to anyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or help him find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. He asked, quietly, if it had happened to me. Tom caught me completely by surprise. I wish I had told Tom the truth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, too committed to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. I signed his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn't he looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could have said anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Out of the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away his books, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst, from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Like death itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried that I'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always. But I never really did forget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hall with his shoulders hunched(弓起的). I know this is years too late, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth. I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'm thinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I was afraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'm going to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence will not protect me. Yes, it happened to me.  How did the author respond to Tom's question?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Last week I returned to Amherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping that Tom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. I remember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke, so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was in town. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing to anyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or help him find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. He asked, quietly, if it had happened to me. Tom caught me completely by surprise. I wish I had told Tom the truth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, too committed to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. I signed his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn't he looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could have said anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Out of the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away his books, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst, from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Like death itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried that I'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always. But I never really did forget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hall with his shoulders hunched(弓起的). I know this is years too late, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth. I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'm thinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I was afraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'm going to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence will not protect me. Yes, it happened to me.  How did Tom feel about the author's response?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Last week I returned to Amherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping that Tom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. I remember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke, so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was in town. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing to anyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or help him find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. He asked, quietly, if it had happened to me. Tom caught me completely by surprise. I wish I had told Tom the truth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, too committed to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. I signed his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn't he looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could have said anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Out of the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away his books, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst, from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Like death itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried that I'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always. But I never really did forget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hall with his shoulders hunched(弓起的). I know this is years too late, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth. I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'm thinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I was afraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'm going to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence will not protect me. Yes, it happened to me.  What does the author want to tell Tom now?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Languages are considered endangered when their last fluent speakers reach old age and when children are no longer learning it as their primary tongue. UNESCO reveals that 18 of the world's 2,464 officially “endangered” languages have just one living speaker. With the exception of just three, these are all based in the so-called“global south”. Economic, political, cultural and social power is held by those who speak the“majority languages” while those that don't are often marginalized and under pressure to shift towards learning a more“global” language. Not all people experiencing language shift feel marginalized though. Many Nigerians, for examplc, happily embrace the use of English as a world language, viewing it as progressive. Others, however, see their native language as a significant marker of ethnic and national identity. Nigerian artist Adé Bantu expressed this in his song, criticizing the Nigerian school system which prohibits children from speaking their native languages. Tribalingual founder, Inky Gibbens, began her social mission to “save, preserve and support” rare cultures and traditions after discovering that the native language of her grandparents-Buryat, a dialect of Mongolia-was classified as “severely endangered” by UNESCO and finding that there was no means of learning it online. Some people suggest that there are three categories of response to language endangerment: Do nothing, document languages before they disappear, or promote language revitalization(复兴). Scholars have since considered a fourth response, which aims to examine the causes of language endangerment and promote sustainable(可持续性的) environments for them. However, the majority of funding goes into recording rather than revitalizing endangered languages. A core belief at Tribalingual is that the only means of saving languages and cultures is by teaching them. Documenting alone risks reducing rare languages to “static objects,”as they are denied the chance to thrive in practice. “When I founded Tribalingual, I wanted to have a minimum viable product to take to market and test my assumption that there were people out there actually interested in learning about unique languages and cultures,” Gibbens says. “Through my network I found people who were passionately committed to preserving and teaching their culture and language. Luckily for us, there were also many learners who share our excitement about culture and language.” According to Gibbens, Tribalingual “is fast becoming a global network of culture and language enthusiasts who are passionate about preserving our world's diversity.” As the “first online learning platform for teaching rare and endangered languages,” it treats all languages and cultures equally, regardless of socio-political situation.  What does the word “marginalized” most probably mean in paragraph 1?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Languages are considered endangered when their last fluent speakers reach old age and when children are no longer learning it as their primary tongue. UNESCO reveals that 18 of the world's 2,464 officially “endangered” languages have just one living speaker. With the exception of just three, these are all based in the so-called“global south”. Economic, political, cultural and social power is held by those who speak the“majority languages” while those that don't are often marginalized and under pressure to shift towards learning a more“global” language. Not all people experiencing language shift feel marginalized though. Many Nigerians, for examplc, happily embrace the use of English as a world language, viewing it as progressive. Others, however, see their native language as a significant marker of ethnic and national identity. Nigerian artist Adé Bantu expressed this in his song, criticizing the Nigerian school system which prohibits children from speaking their native languages. Tribalingual founder, Inky Gibbens, began her social mission to “save, preserve and support” rare cultures and traditions after discovering that the native language of her grandparents-Buryat, a dialect of Mongolia-was classified as “severely endangered” by UNESCO and finding that there was no means of learning it online. Some people suggest that there are three categories of response to language endangerment: Do nothing, document languages before they disappear, or promote language revitalization(复兴). Scholars have since considered a fourth response, which aims to examine the causes of language endangerment and promote sustainable(可持续性的) environments for them. However, the majority of funding goes into recording rather than revitalizing endangered languages. A core belief at Tribalingual is that the only means of saving languages and cultures is by teaching them. Documenting alone risks reducing rare languages to “static objects,”as they are denied the chance to thrive in practice. “When I founded Tribalingual, I wanted to have a minimum viable product to take to market and test my assumption that there were people out there actually interested in learning about unique languages and cultures,” Gibbens says. “Through my network I found people who were passionately committed to preserving and teaching their culture and language. Luckily for us, there were also many learners who share our excitement about culture and language.” According to Gibbens, Tribalingual “is fast becoming a global network of culture and language enthusiasts who are passionate about preserving our world's diversity.” As the “first online learning platform for teaching rare and endangered languages,” it treats all languages and cultures equally, regardless of socio-political situation.  What caused Gibbens to start her social mission?