Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. An eighteenth century wit said of Madame de Stael that since there were no women geniuses, it would be a mistake to call her a woman. Although one would hesitate to call Miss Huang Luying a woman genius, her friends would agree with me that in her heart she was every inch a man, in spite of the fact that she was one of the most feminine persons in appearance. I am not trying 1o define the nature of women; but to my mind, one of the marked feminine characteristics is a matter-of-fact mind. Their lives are organized by convenience, seldom by any definite ideals. Unlike men, who are more romantic in nature, they do not like to play with new ideas. For this reason, they have been rightly called the most conservative （保守的）elements in society. But no one would ever dream of calling Miss Huang a conservative! On the contrary, her life was but one long adventure. She broke many social conventions, because she was earnestly convinced that righteousness （正义） was on her side. Many persons would call her stubborn （固执的）.Actually she knew stubbornness was one of her weaknesses. In her novel The Friend on the Seashore, she said of her heroine, whom everyone would recognize to be herself, that she was often foolishly brave. Such self-insight is indeed extremely rare! She was stubborn not in the sense of a spoilt child, but in the sense of a religious enthusiast She dared to be herself, because she had her own belief. She knew that in living according to her ideals, she could never be wrong, so long as she was sure that she was guided by the true light. The true light, in this case, was none other than love—love not as a simple pastime or as the satisfaction of one’s physical nature, but as a religion, as life itself. She sacrificed everything for love, first by marrying a man who already had a wife, later by marrying, after the death of her first lover, a man who was at least ten years younger than herself. She quarreled with her mother, and was denied connection with her family, all because love was all. To those who do not know her personally, Miss Huang will perhaps always be remembered as a writer of no mean ability; but to her friends, she will always remain in their memory as a woman who lived and died for love.Why are women considered the most conservative according to the passage?

Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. An eighteenth century wit said of Madame de Stael that since there were no women geniuses, it would be a mistake to call her a woman. Although one would hesitate to call Miss Huang Luying a woman genius, her friends would agree with me that in her heart she was every inch a man, in spite of the fact that she was one of the most feminine persons in appearance. I am not trying 1o define the nature of women; but to my mind, one of the marked feminine characteristics is a matter-of-fact mind. Their lives are organized by convenience, seldom by any definite ideals. Unlike men, who are more romantic in nature, they do not like to play with new ideas. For this reason, they have been rightly called the most conservative （保守的）elements in society. But no one would ever dream of calling Miss Huang a conservative! On the contrary, her life was but one long adventure. She broke many social conventions, because she was earnestly convinced that righteousness （正义） was on her side. Many persons would call her stubborn （固执的）.Actually she knew stubbornness was one of her weaknesses. In her novel The Friend on the Seashore, she said of her heroine, whom everyone would recognize to be herself, that she was often foolishly brave. Such self-insight is indeed extremely rare! She was stubborn not in the sense of a spoilt child, but in the sense of a religious enthusiast She dared to be herself, because she had her own belief. She knew that in living according to her ideals, she could never be wrong, so long as she was sure that she was guided by the true light. The true light, in this case, was none other than love—love not as a simple pastime or as the satisfaction of one’s physical nature, but as a religion, as life itself. She sacrificed everything for love, first by marrying a man who already had a wife, later by marrying, after the death of her first lover, a man who was at least ten years younger than herself. She quarreled with her mother, and was denied connection with her family, all because love was all. To those who do not know her personally, Miss Huang will perhaps always be remembered as a writer of no mean ability; but to her friends, she will always remain in their memory as a woman who lived and died for love.How did Miss Huang go against the social conventions as a woman?

Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. An eighteenth century wit said of Madame de Stael that since there were no women geniuses, it would be a mistake to call her a woman. Although one would hesitate to call Miss Huang Luying a woman genius, her friends would agree with me that in her heart she was every inch a man, in spite of the fact that she was one of the most feminine persons in appearance. I am not trying 1o define the nature of women; but to my mind, one of the marked feminine characteristics is a matter-of-fact mind. Their lives are organized by convenience, seldom by any definite ideals. Unlike men, who are more romantic in nature, they do not like to play with new ideas. For this reason, they have been rightly called the most conservative （保守的）elements in society. But no one would ever dream of calling Miss Huang a conservative! On the contrary, her life was but one long adventure. She broke many social conventions, because she was earnestly convinced that righteousness （正义） was on her side. Many persons would call her stubborn （固执的）.Actually she knew stubbornness was one of her weaknesses. In her novel The Friend on the Seashore, she said of her heroine, whom everyone would recognize to be herself, that she was often foolishly brave. Such self-insight is indeed extremely rare! She was stubborn not in the sense of a spoilt child, but in the sense of a religious enthusiast She dared to be herself, because she had her own belief. She knew that in living according to her ideals, she could never be wrong, so long as she was sure that she was guided by the true light. The true light, in this case, was none other than love—love not as a simple pastime or as the satisfaction of one’s physical nature, but as a religion, as life itself. She sacrificed everything for love, first by marrying a man who already had a wife, later by marrying, after the death of her first lover, a man who was at least ten years younger than herself. She quarreled with her mother, and was denied connection with her family, all because love was all. To those who do not know her personally, Miss Huang will perhaps always be remembered as a writer of no mean ability; but to her friends, she will always remain in their memory as a woman who lived and died for love.How did Miss Huang’s idea of love differ from the conventional one?

Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. An eighteenth century wit said of Madame de Stael that since there were no women geniuses, it would be a mistake to call her a woman. Although one would hesitate to call Miss Huang Luying a woman genius, her friends would agree with me that in her heart she was every inch a man, in spite of the fact that she was one of the most feminine persons in appearance. I am not trying 1o define the nature of women; but to my mind, one of the marked feminine characteristics is a matter-of-fact mind. Their lives are organized by convenience, seldom by any definite ideals. Unlike men, who are more romantic in nature, they do not like to play with new ideas. For this reason, they have been rightly called the most conservative （保守的）elements in society. But no one would ever dream of calling Miss Huang a conservative! On the contrary, her life was but one long adventure. She broke many social conventions, because she was earnestly convinced that righteousness （正义） was on her side. Many persons would call her stubborn （固执的）.Actually she knew stubbornness was one of her weaknesses. In her novel The Friend on the Seashore, she said of her heroine, whom everyone would recognize to be herself, that she was often foolishly brave. Such self-insight is indeed extremely rare! She was stubborn not in the sense of a spoilt child, but in the sense of a religious enthusiast She dared to be herself, because she had her own belief. She knew that in living according to her ideals, she could never be wrong, so long as she was sure that she was guided by the true light. The true light, in this case, was none other than love—love not as a simple pastime or as the satisfaction of one’s physical nature, but as a religion, as life itself. She sacrificed everything for love, first by marrying a man who already had a wife, later by marrying, after the death of her first lover, a man who was at least ten years younger than herself. She quarreled with her mother, and was denied connection with her family, all because love was all. To those who do not know her personally, Miss Huang will perhaps always be remembered as a writer of no mean ability; but to her friends, she will always remain in their memory as a woman who lived and died for love.Which of the following is a most appropriate description of Miss Huang?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Let us think about what situations people usually see as stressful. I will not touch on health issues, job loss, divorce, and other similar situations. Instead, I want to focus on what I call mood-eaters. By mood-eaters, I mean situations in which we are able to choose our attitude instead of immediately getting stressed. According to my observations, many stressful situations are not as serious as they might seem. Here are some common situations that may influence your mood. You texted （发短信） your beloved and she or he did not respond. Your wi-fi connection was down right when you v/ere watching TV series online. Your flight was delayed for an hour. Your boss asked you to stay for two more hours “just to finish that project off.” Of course, these situations can be unpleasant. But what if I told you that you do not need to fight this stress? My choice is not to fight, but to accept and turn the obstacle in my favor. Like in the example with the delayed flight: sure, you might be late, you are nervous, but does it really help the situation if you just sit and wait for the next plane stressfully? When my flights are delayed, I never worry, because I always have some interesting and useful books with me. Or, say, your boss added some additional work to your schedule. This is a nightmare for sure. You have several ways to approach the situation. You can see it as an investment in your reputation; who knows, perhaps your agreement would positively affect your image in your boss’ eyes? Or, if the boss abuses you with such requests, this might be your chance to learn how to say in the politest and the most delicate way. You might enjoy working in the completely empty office. You can come up with any other problem-solution scenario. Be creative instead of automatically becoming stressed and dissatisfied. What I was trying to tell you is that not any situation we used to call stressful is a stress. To a significant extent, it is your choice how to react to what is going on in your life; it is you who chooses how to behave and what to do. Most people think like this: “These situations are bad, so I am going to become upset every time I face one.” In reality, all situations are neutral, and only you are responsible for how you feel about them.Which of the following situations does the author consider as a mood-eater?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Let us think about what situations people usually see as stressful. I will not touch on health issues, job loss, divorce, and other similar situations. Instead, I want to focus on what I call mood-eaters. By mood-eaters, I mean situations in which we are able to choose our attitude instead of immediately getting stressed. According to my observations, many stressful situations are not as serious as they might seem. Here are some common situations that may influence your mood. You texted （发短信） your beloved and she or he did not respond. Your wi-fi connection was down right when you v/ere watching TV series online. Your flight was delayed for an hour. Your boss asked you to stay for two more hours “just to finish that project off.” Of course, these situations can be unpleasant. But what if I told you that you do not need to fight this stress? My choice is not to fight, but to accept and turn the obstacle in my favor. Like in the example with the delayed flight: sure, you might be late, you are nervous, but does it really help the situation if you just sit and wait for the next plane stressfully? When my flights are delayed, I never worry, because I always have some interesting and useful books with me. Or, say, your boss added some additional work to your schedule. This is a nightmare for sure. You have several ways to approach the situation. You can see it as an investment in your reputation; who knows, perhaps your agreement would positively affect your image in your boss’ eyes? Or, if the boss abuses you with such requests, this might be your chance to learn how to say in the politest and the most delicate way. You might enjoy working in the completely empty office. You can come up with any other problem-solution scenario. Be creative instead of automatically becoming stressed and dissatisfied. What I was trying to tell you is that not any situation we used to call stressful is a stress. To a significant extent, it is your choice how to react to what is going on in your life; it is you who chooses how to behave and what to do. Most people think like this: “These situations are bad, so I am going to become upset every time I face one.” In reality, all situations are neutral, and only you are responsible for how you feel about them.What docs the author suggest you do when you are faced with a mood-eater?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Let us think about what situations people usually see as stressful. I will not touch on health issues, job loss, divorce, and other similar situations. Instead, I want to focus on what I call mood-eaters. By mood-eaters, I mean situations in which we are able to choose our attitude instead of immediately getting stressed. According to my observations, many stressful situations are not as serious as they might seem. Here are some common situations that may influence your mood. You texted （发短信） your beloved and she or he did not respond. Your wi-fi connection was down right when you v/ere watching TV series online. Your flight was delayed for an hour. Your boss asked you to stay for two more hours “just to finish that project off.” Of course, these situations can be unpleasant. But what if I told you that you do not need to fight this stress? My choice is not to fight, but to accept and turn the obstacle in my favor. Like in the example with the delayed flight: sure, you might be late, you are nervous, but does it really help the situation if you just sit and wait for the next plane stressfully? When my flights are delayed, I never worry, because I always have some interesting and useful books with me. Or, say, your boss added some additional work to your schedule. This is a nightmare for sure. You have several ways to approach the situation. You can see it as an investment in your reputation; who knows, perhaps your agreement would positively affect your image in your boss’ eyes? Or, if the boss abuses you with such requests, this might be your chance to learn how to say in the politest and the most delicate way. You might enjoy working in the completely empty office. You can come up with any other problem-solution scenario. Be creative instead of automatically becoming stressed and dissatisfied. What I was trying to tell you is that not any situation we used to call stressful is a stress. To a significant extent, it is your choice how to react to what is going on in your life; it is you who chooses how to behave and what to do. Most people think like this: “These situations are bad, so I am going to become upset every time I face one.” In reality, all situations are neutral, and only you are responsible for how you feel about them.What does the author usually do when the flights arc delayed?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Let us think about what situations people usually see as stressful. I will not touch on health issues, job loss, divorce, and other similar situations. Instead, I want to focus on what I call mood-eaters. By mood-eaters, I mean situations in which we are able to choose our attitude instead of immediately getting stressed. According to my observations, many stressful situations are not as serious as they might seem. Here are some common situations that may influence your mood. You texted （发短信） your beloved and she or he did not respond. Your wi-fi connection was down right when you v/ere watching TV series online. Your flight was delayed for an hour. Your boss asked you to stay for two more hours “just to finish that project off.” Of course, these situations can be unpleasant. But what if I told you that you do not need to fight this stress? My choice is not to fight, but to accept and turn the obstacle in my favor. Like in the example with the delayed flight: sure, you might be late, you are nervous, but does it really help the situation if you just sit and wait for the next plane stressfully? When my flights are delayed, I never worry, because I always have some interesting and useful books with me. Or, say, your boss added some additional work to your schedule. This is a nightmare for sure. You have several ways to approach the situation. You can see it as an investment in your reputation; who knows, perhaps your agreement would positively affect your image in your boss’ eyes? Or, if the boss abuses you with such requests, this might be your chance to learn how to say in the politest and the most delicate way. You might enjoy working in the completely empty office. You can come up with any other problem-solution scenario. Be creative instead of automatically becoming stressed and dissatisfied. What I was trying to tell you is that not any situation we used to call stressful is a stress. To a significant extent, it is your choice how to react to what is going on in your life; it is you who chooses how to behave and what to do. Most people think like this: “These situations are bad, so I am going to become upset every time I face one.” In reality, all situations are neutral, and only you are responsible for how you feel about them.What are you recommended to do if your boss tells you to do some additional work?

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Let us think about what situations people usually see as stressful. I will not touch on health issues, job loss, divorce, and other similar situations. Instead, I want to focus on what I call mood-eaters. By mood-eaters, I mean situations in which we are able to choose our attitude instead of immediately getting stressed. According to my observations, many stressful situations are not as serious as they might seem. Here are some common situations that may influence your mood. You texted （发短信） your beloved and she or he did not respond. Your wi-fi connection was down right when you v/ere watching TV series online. Your flight was delayed for an hour. Your boss asked you to stay for two more hours “just to finish that project off.” Of course, these situations can be unpleasant. But what if I told you that you do not need to fight this stress? My choice is not to fight, but to accept and turn the obstacle in my favor. Like in the example with the delayed flight: sure, you might be late, you are nervous, but does it really help the situation if you just sit and wait for the next plane stressfully? When my flights are delayed, I never worry, because I always have some interesting and useful books with me. Or, say, your boss added some additional work to your schedule. This is a nightmare for sure. You have several ways to approach the situation. You can see it as an investment in your reputation; who knows, perhaps your agreement would positively affect your image in your boss’ eyes? Or, if the boss abuses you with such requests, this might be your chance to learn how to say in the politest and the most delicate way. You might enjoy working in the completely empty office. You can come up with any other problem-solution scenario. Be creative instead of automatically becoming stressed and dissatisfied. What I was trying to tell you is that not any situation we used to call stressful is a stress. To a significant extent, it is your choice how to react to what is going on in your life; it is you who chooses how to behave and what to do. Most people think like this: “These situations are bad, so I am going to become upset every time I face one.” In reality, all situations are neutral, and only you are responsible for how you feel about them.What is the attitude of the author towards stress?

Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. When the American Association of University Professors （AAUP） was organized in 1915, its founders proclaimed an ideal of academic freedom as essential to the definition of a university. At first some academic administrators resisted aspects of the due process in hiring and firing that the AAUP insisted; but within the next two decades academic freedom, more or less as the AAUP had defined it, was widely accepted. By 1940 when an important restatement of the AAUP principles was widely adopted, the ideal had become a standard assumption in American academic thought. Certainly by the end of the era of the early 1950s academic freedom had attained sacred status among professors and was spoken of as though it were an ancient absolute associated with universities since the ancient time. The direct inspiration for the modem American conception of academic freedom came, however, from Germany, or at least from the romanticized （理想化的）impressions of Germany that the many thousands of American academics who studied there brought back with them. Particularly important for the American organizers of the academic profession after 1890 was the German Lehrfreiheit （教学自由），referring to freedom for university professors. In Germany this freedom included, first, the rights for professors to teach whatever they chose with a minimum of administrative regulations and, second, the freedom to conduct one5s research and to report one5s findings in lectures and publications without external restraint. The Americans typically understood Lehrfreiheit as the modem ideal that truth is progressive and that for science to advance it must be freed from tradition and assumption. In 19th century Germany this outlook was associated with the term Wissenschaft （科学）, which meant more than just title English word “science，” suggesting an ideal scientific research for truth. German Protestant universities only gradually won full approval of such autonomy, including freedom from occasional Christian church interference. Nonetheless, they were always far in advance of American schools and by the time of the establishment of the German Empire Lehrfreiheit had become a legal practice protected by law. It controlled the universities and protected them from direct interference of other interests. In a society far more conscious of status than the United States，Lehrfreiheit did not suggest any general commitment to freedom for all citizens. Once the wider applications of modern Lehrfreiheit were accepted, they were proclaimed as essential to any institution calling itself a “university.”Paragraph 1 mainly talks about___________.