“Helicopter parenting” describes a style of raising children where parents are over-protective and do too much. The term was used for the first time in the late 1960s. It describesparents who hover(悬停) over their kids like a helicopter.Today,modern technology allows these helicopter parents to hover from even far away. They can give their children directions at any moment from anywhere.
Author Julie Lythcott-Haims wrote a book titled How to Raise an Adull. In her book, she gives readers a closer look at this parenting style.
“Over-parenting”, she says,“comes in three types: the first is the over-protective parents who think the world is scary and unsafe and unpredictable.And therefore,I must protect and prevent.The second type is the over-directive type—the parent who says, I know best what leads to success and you will do as I say. You’ll study these topics, do these activies and you will be highly achieving at all of it. The third type is the concierge(看门人)—the parent who just wants to make life smoother—from waking their kid up,to keeping track of their deadlines, to making sure they haven't forgotten anything, to even doing the homework for the kid.”
Julie Lythcott-Haims says she experienced the effects of helicopter parenting firsthand when she worked as dean of first-year students at Stanford University.The incoming students were very smart and accomplished on paper. But many were unable to take care of themselves.
“They were turning to parents constantly for guidance, for problem solving,to have them make the choice about something.” Often times,Lythcott-Haims had toremind those parents that their kids were old enough to take care of themselves.

According to Lythcott-Haims, over-parenting has all the following featuresEXCEPT ________.