Readthe following passage carefully and complete the succeeding three items II,III, IV.

(1)You'reon holiday but surreptitiously check your work emails the moment you wake up.You get anxious if there's no Wi-Fi in the hotel or mobile phone signal up themountain. You fret if your phone is getting low on power, and you secretlyworry things will go wrong at work if you're not there.

(2)Theseare the typical signs of"always on" stress induced by smartphoneaddiction. For some people, portable connected devices have liberated them fromthe constraints of the nine-to-five Flexible working has given them moreautonomy over their working lives and enabled them to spend more time withtheir friends and families

(3)Formany others though, smartphones have become tyrants in our pockets, neverallowing us to switch off, relax and recharge our batteries. And a number ofcommentators are becoming increasingly concerned about the syndrome

(4)Pittsburgh-baseddeveloper Kevin Holesh was so worried about how much he

wasignoring his family and friends in favor of his iPhone that he developed an app—Moment—to monitor his usage.

(5)Theapp enables users to see how much time they're spending on the device and setup warnings if self-imposed usage limits are breached. "Moment's goal isto promote balance in your life, his website explains. "Some time on yourphone, some time off it enjoying your loving family and friends aroundyou."

(6)Andsome employers are acknowledging that getting the work-life balance right isn'tso easy. We need help. For example, German car maker Daimler recentlyintroduced an email auto-delete option for its holidaying employees,inrecognition that they may not have the willpower to switch off from work.

(7)Dr Christine Grant, an occupational psychologist at Coventry University'sCentre for Research in Psychology, Behavior and Achievement, told theBBC:"The negative impacts of never switching off your phone are that yourmind is never resting, you're not giving your body time to recover, so you'realways stressed. And the more tired and stressed we get, the more mistakes wemake.Physical and mental health can suffer."

(8)Thefact that we can stay connected to the workplace wherever we are in the worldis feeding deep-seated insecurities, she argues. "There is a massiveanxiety about relinquishing control," she says. "In my research Ifound a number of people who were burnt out because they were travelling withtechnology all the time, no matter what time zone they were in."

(9)Womenin particular were susceptible to doing a full day in the office, cominghome to make tea and look after the kids, then putting in a late shift beforegoing to bed. "This triple shifting can have quite an impact onhealth," says Dr Grant.

(10)DrAlasdair Emslie, president of the Society of Occupational Medicine,agrees,saying: "Every year about 400,000 people in the UK report work-relatedstress at a level they believe is making them ill. Changes in technology areone contributory factor, particularly if this makes employees feel they areunable to cope with increased demands or have less control in handling their workload."

(11)Accordingto telecoms regulator Ofcom,61% of UK adults now say they own a smartphone,while household take-up of tablet computers has almost doubled over the pastyear to44%. Since200 our daily total media consumption has risen from 8hours 48 minutes to more than hours, says Ofcom, largely thanks to the rise ofsmartphones. We now consume media for more hours than we sleep. And as thenumber of connected smartphones is increasing, so is the amount of data at ourdisposal. This is leading to a sort of decision paralysis, argues MichaelRendell, partner for consulting firm PwC's global human capital business.

(12)"Itis creating more stress in the workplace because people are having to embrace abroader range of data and communications and it's difficult to manage them all.It actually makes it more difficult to make decisions and many are becomingless productive because they're overwhelmed by it all and feel they can neverescape the office."

(13)PwC'sreport, The Future of Work—A Journey to2022, involved interviews with 50,000 workers around the world.According to Mr Rendell, "the UK workforce is not more productive thanit was even though we have all this connectivity and all this data.”

(14)TimForer, a lawyer with employment law specialist Blake Morgan, agrees,saying:"Why haven't wages kept up with inflation? It's because we have morepeople doing less work. We think checking emails is work when a lot of the timeit isn't productive work."

(15)Theblurring of the line dividing work and leisure brought about by technologyisn't just a health and safety issue for employees. however. There arepotentially serious consequences for companies, too. "Under the EuropeanWorking Time Directive there is a 48-hour limit to the working week and you'remeant to have an 11-hour break every 24-hour period,"says Mr Forer."But if you're checking texts and emails first thing in the morning andlast thing at night, it's pretty easy to bust those limits. This jeopardizescompanies' duty of care towards their employees," he argues.

(16)Ofcourse, mobile phone and other technology companies argue that mobileconnectivity is entirely beneficial, and many younger people, officeworkers,and self-employed would agree.

 
II. In this section, there are ten incomplete statements or questions, followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (20 points, 2 points for each)
What is one of the factors that lead to work-related stress?