Passage TwoWhen Louis Braille was three years old, he became blind in both eyes as the result of an accident in his father’s shop. His father, determined that Louis should not suffer the usual fate of blind persons at that time and become a beggar, kept him in the village school until he was ten and then entered him in the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. Louis learned to read from the three books engraved in large raised letters in the Institution library, did brilliantly well both in academic work and at the piano, and was soon helping to teach the younger children.In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark. Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution. After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet. (at the request of an Englishman, he later added “w”), accents, punctuation marks, and mathematical signs. Although government prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr. Pignier, was in office. The new director insisted on returning to the officially approved former system, but students continued to use Braille’s method secretly. Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.Louis Braille first learned to read with the aid of ______.

Passage TwoWhen Louis Braille was three years old, he became blind in both eyes as the result of an accident in his father’s shop. His father, determined that Louis should not suffer the usual fate of blind persons at that time and become a beggar, kept him in the village school until he was ten and then entered him in the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. Louis learned to read from the three books engraved in large raised letters in the Institution library, did brilliantly well both in academic work and at the piano, and was soon helping to teach the younger children.In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark. Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution. After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet. (at the request of an Englishman, he later added “w”), accents, punctuation marks, and mathematical signs. Although government prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr. Pignier, was in office. The new director insisted on returning to the officially approved former system, but students continued to use Braille’s method secretly. Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.Louis Braille did all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Passage TwoWhen Louis Braille was three years old, he became blind in both eyes as the result of an accident in his father’s shop. His father, determined that Louis should not suffer the usual fate of blind persons at that time and become a beggar, kept him in the village school until he was ten and then entered him in the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. Louis learned to read from the three books engraved in large raised letters in the Institution library, did brilliantly well both in academic work and at the piano, and was soon helping to teach the younger children.In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark. Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution. After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet. (at the request of an Englishman, he later added “w”), accents, punctuation marks, and mathematical signs. Although government prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr. Pignier, was in office. The new director insisted on returning to the officially approved former system, but students continued to use Braille’s method secretly. Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.Charles Barbier originally devised his writing system for ______.

Passage TwoWhen Louis Braille was three years old, he became blind in both eyes as the result of an accident in his father’s shop. His father, determined that Louis should not suffer the usual fate of blind persons at that time and become a beggar, kept him in the village school until he was ten and then entered him in the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. Louis learned to read from the three books engraved in large raised letters in the Institution library, did brilliantly well both in academic work and at the piano, and was soon helping to teach the younger children.In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark. Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution. After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet. (at the request of an Englishman, he later added “w”), accents, punctuation marks, and mathematical signs. Although government prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr. Pignier, was in office. The new director insisted on returning to the officially approved former system, but students continued to use Braille’s method secretly. Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.Louis Braille devised his writing system _______.

Passage TwoWhen Louis Braille was three years old, he became blind in both eyes as the result of an accident in his father’s shop. His father, determined that Louis should not suffer the usual fate of blind persons at that time and become a beggar, kept him in the village school until he was ten and then entered him in the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. Louis learned to read from the three books engraved in large raised letters in the Institution library, did brilliantly well both in academic work and at the piano, and was soon helping to teach the younger children.In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark. Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution. After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet. (at the request of an Englishman, he later added “w”), accents, punctuation marks, and mathematical signs. Although government prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr. Pignier, was in office. The new director insisted on returning to the officially approved former system, but students continued to use Braille’s method secretly. Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.The Institution was not able to adopt Braille’s method officially for some time because ________.

Passage ThreeMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without ads your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your TV license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost fifty percent more.And perhaps most important of all, ads provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote products that fail to live up to the promise of his ads. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading ads. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch upon. Recently I heard a well-known TV personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known TV personality wants.By the first sentence of the passage, the author means that __________.

Passage ThreeMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without ads your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your TV license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost fifty percent more.And perhaps most important of all, ads provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote products that fail to live up to the promise of his ads. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading ads. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch upon. Recently I heard a well-known TV personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known TV personality wants.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as the advantage of advertising?

Passage ThreeMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without ads your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your TV license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost fifty percent more.And perhaps most important of all, ads provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote products that fail to live up to the promise of his ads. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading ads. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch upon. Recently I heard a well-known TV personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known TV personality wants.The author thinks that the well-known TV personality is _________.

Passage ThreeMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without ads your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your TV license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost fifty percent more.And perhaps most important of all, ads provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote products that fail to live up to the promise of his ads. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading ads. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch upon. Recently I heard a well-known TV personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known TV personality wants.In the author’s opinion, __________.

Passage ThreeMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without ads your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your TV license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost fifty percent more.And perhaps most important of all, ads provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote products that fail to live up to the promise of his ads. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading ads. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch upon. Recently I heard a well-known TV personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known TV personality wants.The author’s attitude to advertising is _________.