Passage TwoThe faces of elderly, happily-married people sometimes resemble each other. Dr. Aiken studied a number of couples who had been married for at least twenty-five years. Each couple provided four photographs---one photo of each partner at the time of their marriage and another photo of each partner twenty-five or more years later. All background was cut from the photos to remove any clues. The photos were then displayed in groups: a random grouping of the persons at the time of their marriage and another random grouping of the same persons who took photographs later. Some testees were asked to pick out the partners. They failed totally with the first group. Their judgments were no better than chance. But with the photos taken twenty-five or more years after the marriage, the testees were quite successful in deciding who was married to whom. They were particularly successful with the most happily-married couples. Dr. Aiken believes there are several reasons why couples grow alike. One reason has something to do with imitation. One person tends to copy or do the same as someone else without knowing it. He says human begins to imitate the expressions of the faces of their loved ones. Another possible reason, he says, is the common experience of the couples. There is a tendency for people who have the same life experience to change their faces in similar ways. For example, if a couple suffered from a lot of sad experiences, their faces are likely to change in a similar way.The main purpose of the passage is to _____.

Passage TwoThe faces of elderly, happily-married people sometimes resemble each other. Dr. Aiken studied a number of couples who had been married for at least twenty-five years. Each couple provided four photographs---one photo of each partner at the time of their marriage and another photo of each partner twenty-five or more years later. All background was cut from the photos to remove any clues. The photos were then displayed in groups: a random grouping of the persons at the time of their marriage and another random grouping of the same persons who took photographs later. Some testees were asked to pick out the partners. They failed totally with the first group. Their judgments were no better than chance. But with the photos taken twenty-five or more years after the marriage, the testees were quite successful in deciding who was married to whom. They were particularly successful with the most happily-married couples. Dr. Aiken believes there are several reasons why couples grow alike. One reason has something to do with imitation. One person tends to copy or do the same as someone else without knowing it. He says human begins to imitate the expressions of the faces of their loved ones. Another possible reason, he says, is the common experience of the couples. There is a tendency for people who have the same life experience to change their faces in similar ways. For example, if a couple suffered from a lot of sad experiences, their faces are likely to change in a similar way.In the testing, Dr. Aiken cut the background from those photos for the purpose of _________.

Passage TwoThe faces of elderly, happily-married people sometimes resemble each other. Dr. Aiken studied a number of couples who had been married for at least twenty-five years. Each couple provided four photographs---one photo of each partner at the time of their marriage and another photo of each partner twenty-five or more years later. All background was cut from the photos to remove any clues. The photos were then displayed in groups: a random grouping of the persons at the time of their marriage and another random grouping of the same persons who took photographs later. Some testees were asked to pick out the partners. They failed totally with the first group. Their judgments were no better than chance. But with the photos taken twenty-five or more years after the marriage, the testees were quite successful in deciding who was married to whom. They were particularly successful with the most happily-married couples. Dr. Aiken believes there are several reasons why couples grow alike. One reason has something to do with imitation. One person tends to copy or do the same as someone else without knowing it. He says human begins to imitate the expressions of the faces of their loved ones. Another possible reason, he says, is the common experience of the couples. There is a tendency for people who have the same life experience to change their faces in similar ways. For example, if a couple suffered from a lot of sad experiences, their faces are likely to change in a similar way.The testees failed to _____.

Passage TwoThe faces of elderly, happily-married people sometimes resemble each other. Dr. Aiken studied a number of couples who had been married for at least twenty-five years. Each couple provided four photographs---one photo of each partner at the time of their marriage and another photo of each partner twenty-five or more years later. All background was cut from the photos to remove any clues. The photos were then displayed in groups: a random grouping of the persons at the time of their marriage and another random grouping of the same persons who took photographs later. Some testees were asked to pick out the partners. They failed totally with the first group. Their judgments were no better than chance. But with the photos taken twenty-five or more years after the marriage, the testees were quite successful in deciding who was married to whom. They were particularly successful with the most happily-married couples. Dr. Aiken believes there are several reasons why couples grow alike. One reason has something to do with imitation. One person tends to copy or do the same as someone else without knowing it. He says human begins to imitate the expressions of the faces of their loved ones. Another possible reason, he says, is the common experience of the couples. There is a tendency for people who have the same life experience to change their faces in similar ways. For example, if a couple suffered from a lot of sad experiences, their faces are likely to change in a similar way.It can be inferred from the study that ________.

Passage TwoThe faces of elderly, happily-married people sometimes resemble each other. Dr. Aiken studied a number of couples who had been married for at least twenty-five years. Each couple provided four photographs---one photo of each partner at the time of their marriage and another photo of each partner twenty-five or more years later. All background was cut from the photos to remove any clues. The photos were then displayed in groups: a random grouping of the persons at the time of their marriage and another random grouping of the same persons who took photographs later. Some testees were asked to pick out the partners. They failed totally with the first group. Their judgments were no better than chance. But with the photos taken twenty-five or more years after the marriage, the testees were quite successful in deciding who was married to whom. They were particularly successful with the most happily-married couples. Dr. Aiken believes there are several reasons why couples grow alike. One reason has something to do with imitation. One person tends to copy or do the same as someone else without knowing it. He says human begins to imitate the expressions of the faces of their loved ones. Another possible reason, he says, is the common experience of the couples. There is a tendency for people who have the same life experience to change their faces in similar ways. For example, if a couple suffered from a lot of sad experiences, their faces are likely to change in a similar way.From the passage we can draw a conclusion that __________.

Passage ThreePublic goods are those commodities whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities and one person’s use does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good.Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit---regardless of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids in navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from use of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defence is another example. Even a person who voted against military costs or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defence. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic study is to be replaced by the impersonal judgment of the marketplace.What does the passage mainly discuss?

Passage ThreePublic goods are those commodities whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities and one person’s use does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good.Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit---regardless of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids in navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from use of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defence is another example. Even a person who voted against military costs or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defence. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic study is to be replaced by the impersonal judgment of the marketplace.Which of the following is NOT an example of a public good as described in the passage?

Passage ThreePublic goods are those commodities whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities and one person’s use does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good.Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit---regardless of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids in navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from use of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defence is another example. Even a person who voted against military costs or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defence. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic study is to be replaced by the impersonal judgment of the marketplace.The word “holds” in Line 4 of Paragraph 2 could best be replaced by __________.

Passage ThreePublic goods are those commodities whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities and one person’s use does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good.Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit---regardless of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids in navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from use of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defence is another example. Even a person who voted against military costs or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defence. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic study is to be replaced by the impersonal judgment of the marketplace.According to the passage, finding out the social costs of a public good is a _________.

Passage ThreePublic goods are those commodities whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities and one person’s use does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good.Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit---regardless of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids in navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from use of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defence is another example. Even a person who voted against military costs or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defence. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic study is to be replaced by the impersonal judgment of the marketplace.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs?