Counter-trade

compensation trade

计划经济

判断对错:Culture differences are sometimes ignored in marketing campaigns. Culture awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation of your products. There are subtle ties and nuances(细微差别) to every culture. Almost most people wouldn't be able to list the rules of their own culture; they certainly know when those rules are violated.In Japan, for example, a major household products company spent many millions of dollars on a marketing campaign in advance of introducing its laundry detergent(清洁剂). Nevertheless, when the detergent was made available, sales were miniscule. In fact, few shops stocked the soap. Non-tariff trade barriers? No ,it was something much simpler. The typically American "large, economy-sized" boxes were far too big for the tiny Japanese retail establishments. And Japanese housewives don't usually have cars--they walk to the stores and carry their purchase home, to very small living spaces.It can be a big mistake to assume a Pan-Asiamarket(泛亚市场) or a "Latin American" or "European" buyer. Neighboring cultures elsewhere don't necessarily share buying preferences any more than a US buyer does with a Mexico consumer. Furthermore, national borders don't always delineate(描绘) buying behavior; regional patterns canbe just as strong.(1) Advertising and coupons are examples of marketing campaigns.(2) The detergent was popular in Japan.(3) Japanese consumers usually like large boxes because they are lower in prices.(4) A US buyer has the same buying behavior as a "Mexico consumer".(5) Perhaps buying preferences are quite different among national borders.

most-favored nation treatment

Decide whether the statements are true or false：In the 1960s, China’s foreign trade shifted away from Japan and Western Europe towards the USSR and its common partners.  (   ) 

Gross Domestic Product

Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests with the result that national in-come and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.    (   )

国际收支

During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities has been to reduce the proportion of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture. forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications。