The First Settlement in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts in South America，a great interest in gold. and adventure，and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot，originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice，was established as a trader in Bristol，England，when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship，the Matthew，with its crew of eighteen，did no more than see an island （probably off the New England coast）and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a“legal”title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England，calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island，but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people. 【第8题】Sir Walter Raleigh is a capitalist.

The First Settlement in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts in South America，a great interest in gold. and adventure，and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot，originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice，was established as a trader in Bristol，England，when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship，the Matthew，with its crew of eighteen，did no more than see an island （probably off the New England coast）and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a“legal”title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England，calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island，but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people. 【第9题】The first settlers in Virginia were all male.

The First Settlement in North AmericaIt is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts in South America，a great interest in gold. and adventure，and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot，originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice，was established as a trader in Bristol，England，when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship，the Matthew，with its crew of eighteen，did no more than see an island （probably off the New England coast）and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a“legal”title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south. The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England，calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island，but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590. The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people. 【第10题】The living conditions of the first settlers were bad.

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第11题】The passage mainly discusses____.

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第12题】 Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第13题】In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated____.

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第14题】According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by

Cells and TemperatureCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant. The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments. 【第15题】According to the passage , human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by

Science Fiction①Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified a science fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories. ②It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago, These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often found in modern stories. Science fiction is a genre of fiction with imaginative but more or less plausible content such as settings in the future , futuristic science and technology , space travel , parallel universes , aliens , and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Science fiction has been used by authors as a device to discuss philosophical ideas such as identity, desire , morality and social structure. ③Most of the classics of science fiction , however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, to mention just two well-known authors , have been translated into many languages. ④Modern science fiction writers don't write about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now. Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones. Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. It is similar to, but differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though some elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). The settings for science fiction are often contrary to consensus reality, but most science fiction relies on a considerable degree of suspension of disbelief, which is facilitated in the reader' s mind by potential scientific explanations or solutions to various fictional elements. ⑤In an age where science fact frequently overtakes science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going , however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology. 【第16题】Paragraph①____.A. Popularity of Science Fiction;B. Future Development;C. Classics of Science Fiction;D. Difficulty in Keeping Ahead of Scientific Advances;E. Its Origin/ Past;F. Themes of Modern Science Fiction

Science Fiction①Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified a science fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories. ②It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago, These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often found in modern stories. Science fiction is a genre of fiction with imaginative but more or less plausible content such as settings in the future , futuristic science and technology , space travel , parallel universes , aliens , and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Science fiction has been used by authors as a device to discuss philosophical ideas such as identity, desire , morality and social structure. ③Most of the classics of science fiction , however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, to mention just two well-known authors , have been translated into many languages. ④Modern science fiction writers don't write about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now. Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones. Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. It is similar to, but differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though some elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). The settings for science fiction are often contrary to consensus reality, but most science fiction relies on a considerable degree of suspension of disbelief, which is facilitated in the reader' s mind by potential scientific explanations or solutions to various fictional elements. ⑤In an age where science fact frequently overtakes science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going , however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology. 【第17题】Paragraph②____.A. Popularity of Science Fiction;B. Future Development;C. Classics of Science Fiction;D. Difficulty in Keeping Ahead of Scientific Advances;E. Its Origin/ Past;F. Themes of Modern Science Fiction