Passage TwoWe all love a hero, and rescue dogs are some of the biggest heroes of all. You will often find them above and beyond duty to save someone, risking-and at times losing -their lives in the process.Rescue dogs are generally found in the Sporting and Hunting Groups, or from the traditional Herding Group. These types include the Bloodhound, Labrador retriever, Newfoundland, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, and Belgian Malinois-all of which are chosen for search-and-rescue duty because of their amazing physical strength, loyalty, and their tendency for mental stability.These types also have a keen sense of hearing and smell-to better locate lost individuals and are often able to access hard-to-reach areas. As highly trained animals, they serve in many different fields, including specialist search, snow slide rescue, dead body location, and tracking.To overcome obstacles and succeed when performing the demanding duties of a search-and-rescue worker, a dog must display certain qualities. In addition to intelligence and strength, the dog must be swift, confident, easily trainable, adaptable, and have a high level of stamina（耐力） and endurance. A strong sense of group cooperation and an ability to engage in friendly play during "down" time is also required of search-and-rescue dogs.A rescue dog goes through many, many hours of intensive training to be fit for duty. Training is not for the faint-hearted. Certification training can take from two to three years, working three to four hours a day, three to six days a week, often in group, team-oriented sessions.Each search-and-rescue field requires different types of training. Rescue training, for instance, includes "air scenting"--where dogs are trained to smell the air for the victim's scent（气味）and then follow the scent to the person. This ability is crucial to finding victims trapped under collapsed buildings and snow slide.Rescue dogs are chosen probably because _____.

Passage TwoWe all love a hero, and rescue dogs are some of the biggest heroes of all. You will often find them above and beyond duty to save someone, risking-and at times losing -their lives in the process.Rescue dogs are generally found in the Sporting and Hunting Groups, or from the traditional Herding Group. These types include the Bloodhound, Labrador retriever, Newfoundland, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, and Belgian Malinois-all of which are chosen for search-and-rescue duty because of their amazing physical strength, loyalty, and their tendency for mental stability.These types also have a keen sense of hearing and smell-to better locate lost individuals-and are often able to access hard-to-reach areas. As highly trained animals, they serve in many different fields, including specialist search, snow slide rescue, dead body location, and tracking.To overcome obstacles and succeed when performing the demanding duties of a search-and-rescue worker, a dog must display certain qualities. In addition to intelligence and strength, the dog must be swift, confident, easily trainable, adaptable, and have a high level of stamina（耐力） and endurance. A strong sense of group cooperation and an ability to engage in friendly play during "down" time is also required of search-and-rescue dogs.A rescue dog goes through many, many hours of intensive training to be fit for duty. Training is not for the faint-hearted. Certification training can take from two to three years, working three to four hours a day, three to six days a week, often in group, team-oriented sessions.Each search-and-rescue field requires different types of training. Rescue training, for instance, includes "air scenting"--where dogs are trained to smell the air for the victim's scent（气味）and then follow the scent to the person. This ability is crucial to finding victims trapped under collapsed buildings and snow slide.What does "faint-hearted" in Paragraph 6 mean?

Passage TwoWe all love a hero, and rescue dogs are some of the biggest heroes of all. You will often find them above and beyond duty to save someone, risking-and at times losing -their lives in the process.Rescue dogs are generally found in the Sporting and Hunting Groups, or from the traditional Herding Group. These types include the Bloodhound, Labrador retriever, Newfoundland, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, and Belgian Malinois-all of which are chosen for search-and-rescue duty because of their amazing physical strength, loyalty, and their tendency for mental stability.These types also have a keen sense of hearing and smell-to better locate lost individuals and are often able to access hard-to-reach areas. As highly trained animals, they serve in many different fields, including specialist search, snow slide rescue, dead body location, and tracking.To overcome obstacles and succeed when performing the demanding duties of a search-and-rescue worker, a dog must display certain qualities. In addition to intelligence and strength, the dog must be swift, confident, easily trainable, adaptable, and have a high level of stamina（耐力） and endurance. A strong sense of group cooperation and an ability to engage in friendly play during "down" time is also required of search-and-rescue dogs.A rescue dog goes through many, many hours of intensive training to be fit for duty. Training is not for the faint-hearted. Certification training can take from two to three years, working three to four hours a day, three to six days a week, often in group, team-oriented sessions.Each search-and-rescue field requires different types of training. Rescue training, for instance, includes "air scenting"--where dogs are trained to smell the air for the victim's scent（气味）and then follow the scent to the person. This ability is crucial to finding victims trapped under collapsed buildings and snow slide.Which ability is most important for dogs to rescue people trapped in snow?

Passage TwoWe all love a hero, and rescue dogs are some of the biggest heroes of all. You will often find them above and beyond duty to save someone, risking-and at times losing -their lives in the process.Rescue dogs are generally found in the Sporting and Hunting Groups, or from the traditional Herding Group. These types include the Bloodhound, Labrador retriever, Newfoundland, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, and Belgian Malinois-all of which are chosen for search-and-rescue duty because of their amazing physical strength, loyalty, and their tendency for mental stability.These types also have a keen sense of hearing and smell-to better locate lost individuals-and are often able to access hard-to-reach areas. As highly trained animals, they serve in many different fields, including specialist search, snow slide rescue, dead body location, and tracking.To overcome obstacles and succeed when performing the demanding duties of a search-and-rescue worker, a dog must display certain qualities. In addition to intelligence and strength, the dog must be swift, confident, easily trainable, adaptable, and have a high level of stamina（耐力） and endurance. A strong sense of group cooperation and an ability to engage in friendly play during "down" time is also required of search-and-rescue dogs.A rescue dog goes through many, many hours of intensive training to be fit for duty. Training is not for the faint-hearted. Certification training can take from two to three years, working three to four hours a day, three to six days a week, often in group, team-oriented sessions.Each search-and-rescue field requires different types of training. Rescue training, for instance, includes "air scenting"--where dogs are trained to smell the air for the victim's scent（气味）and then follow the scent to the person. This ability is crucial to finding victims trapped under collapsed buildings and snow slide.What is the passage mainly about?

Passage ThreeEating an apple a day doesn't keep the doctor away, but it does reduce the amount of trips you make to the drug to the drug store per year. That's according to a new study that investigates whether there's any truth in the old saying.A team of researchers led by Dr. Matthew Davis, of the University of Michigan School of Nursing, asked 8,399 participants to answer survey questions about diet and health. A total of 753 were apple eaters, consuming at least 149g of raw apple per day. The remaining 7,646 were classed as non-apple eaters. When both groups answered questions on trips to the doctor and trips to the drug store per year，the apple eaters were found to be 27% less likely to visit the druggist for drugs.Trips to the doctor were not significantly affected by apple consumption，though. "Evidence does not support that an apple a day keeps the doctor away. However, the small number of US adults who eat an apple a day does appear to use fewer prescription medications," the study concludes.Apple eaters were also found to be less likely to smoke and be more likely to have a higher educational attainment than non-apple eaters. While apples do not compete with oranges ,they do contain some immune （免疫的） system-increasing vitamin C, which may be why apple -eaters visit the druggist less. With over 8mg of vitamin C per medium-sized fruit, an apple can provide roughly 14% your daily recommended intake.Previous studies have also linked apple consumption to a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes （二型糖尿病），improved lung function and a lower risk of colon （结肠） cancer.How many non-apple eaters answered survey questions in the research?

Passage ThreeEating an apple a day doesn't keep the doctor away, but it does reduce the amount of trips you make to the drug to the drug store per year. That's according to a new study that investigates whether there's any truth in the old saying.A team of researchers led by Dr. Matthew Davis, of the University of Michigan School of Nursing, asked 8,399 participants to answer survey questions about diet and health. A total of 753 were apple eaters, consuming at least 149g of raw apple per day. The remaining 7,646 were classed as non-apple eaters. When both groups answered questions on trips to the doctor and trips to the drug store per year，the apple eaters were found to be 27% less likely to visit the druggist for drugs.Trips to the doctor were not significantly affected by apple consumption，though. "Evidence does not support that an apple a day keeps the doctor away. However, the small number of US adults who eat an apple a day does appear to use fewer prescription medications," the study concludes.Apple eaters were also found to be less likely to smoke and be more likely to have a higher educational attainment than non-apple eaters. While apples do not compete with oranges ,they do contain some immune （免疫的） system-increasing vitamin C, which may be why apple -eaters visit the druggist less. With over 8mg of vitamin C per medium-sized fruit, an apple can provide roughly 14% your daily recommended intake.Previous studies have also linked apple consumption to a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes （二型糖尿病），improved lung function and a lower risk of colon （结肠） cancer.What is the conclusion of the study?

Passage ThreeEating an apple a day doesn't keep the doctor away, but it does reduce the amount of trips you make to the drug to the drug store per year. That's according to a new study that investigates whether there's any truth in the old saying.A team of researchers led by Dr. Matthew Davis, of the University of Michigan School of Nursing, asked 8,399 participants to answer survey questions about diet and health. A total of 753 were apple eaters, consuming at least 149g of raw apple per day. The remaining 7,646 were classed as non-apple eaters. When both groups answered questions on trips to the doctor and trips to the drug store per year，the apple eaters were found to be 27% less likely to visit the druggist for drugs.Trips to the doctor were not significantly affected by apple consumption，though. "Evidence does not support that an apple a day keeps the doctor away. However, the small number of US adults who eat an apple a day does appear to use fewer prescription medications," the study concludes.Apple eaters were also found to be less likely to smoke and be more likely to have a higher educational attainment than non-apple eaters. While apples do not compete with oranges, they do contain some immune （免疫的） system-increasing vitamin C, which may be why apple -eaters visit the druggist less. With over 8mg of vitamin C per medium-sized fruit, an apple can provide roughly 14% your daily recommended intake.Previous studies have also linked apple consumption to a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes （二型糖尿病），improved lung function and a lower risk of colon （结肠） cancer.What can we learn from the passage?

Passage ThreeEating an apple a day doesn't keep the doctor away, but it does reduce the amount of trips you make to the drug to the drug store per year. That's according to a new study that investigates whether there's any truth in the old saying.A team of researchers led by Dr. Matthew Davis, of the University of Michigan School of Nursing, asked 8,399 participants to answer survey questions about diet and health. A total of 753 were apple eaters, consuming at least 149g of raw apple per day. The remaining 7,646 were classed as non-apple eaters. When both groups answered questions on trips to the doctor and trips to the drug store per year，the apple eaters were found to be 27% less likely to visit the druggist for drugs.Trips to the doctor were not significantly affected by apple consumption，though. "Evidence does not support that an apple a day keeps the doctor away. However, the small number of US adults who eat an apple a day does appear to use fewer prescription medications," the study concludes.Apple eaters were also found to be less likely to smoke and be more likely to have a higher educational attainment than non-apple eaters. While apples do not compete with oranges ,they do contain some immune （免疫的） system-increasing vitamin C, which may be why apple -eaters visit the druggist less. With over 8mg of vitamin C per medium-sized fruit, an apple can provide roughly 14% your daily recommended intake.Previous studies have also linked apple consumption to a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes （二型糖尿病），improved lung function and a lower risk of colon （结肠） cancer.What can be described as the writing style of this passage?

Passage FourSometimes I scratch my head when I read about the government's efforts to improve schools: new standards and tests to be applied, strict teacher evaluations, and threats of school closures and job losses. They frighten the school employees, not to mention the students. Instead of making people unable to solve problems or try new ideas-which is what fear does to us-research on school reform strongly suggests that policy-makers should encourage school leaders to take a more humane approach. In their study on the reform efforts of twelve Chicago public schools, Bryk and Schneider found that enabling positive social relationships between the adults was the key to successful school improvement and that trust was at the heart of those relationships.Trust in schools comes down to one thing: psychological safety or safety to speak one's mind, to discuss with openness and honesty what is and isn't working, to make collective decisions.Yet this kind of safety doesn't come easily to schools. According to Bryk and Schneider, the adults in school rely on each other to do their jobs correctly and with integrity （正直）. The challenge is that our expectations are very diverse based on our unique backgrounds.At one school where I taught, each teacher had different expectations about how much extra effort teachers should put into their work-a big difference between the teachers who left after the last bell and those who worked into the evening. And when expectations are unconscious or unspoken, it becomes impossible for others to live up to them.We also make assumptions about the intentions behind a person's behavior. As we all know, assumptions are often wrong. For example, parents and teachers may think the principal made a particular decision based on his career advancement rather than what's best for the students. If we don't feel psychologically safe to question our assumptions and expectations, trust flies out the window and our relationships suffer.According to Paragraph 1, why does the author scratch his head?

Passage FourSometimes I scratch my head when I read about the government's efforts to improve schools: new standards and tests to be applied, strict teacher evaluations, and threats of school closures and job losses. They frighten the school employees, not to mention the students. Instead of making people unable to solve problems or try new ideas-which is what fear does to us-research on school reform strongly suggests that policy-makers should encourage school leaders to take a more humane approach. In their study on the reform efforts of twelve Chicago public schools, Bryk and Schneider found that enabling positive social relationships between the adults was the key to successful school improvement and that trust was at the heart of those relationships.Trust in schools comes down to one thing: psychological safety or safety to speak one's mind, to discuss with openness and honesty what is and isn't working, to make collective decisions.Yet this kind of safety doesn't come easily to schools. According to Bryk and Schneider, the adults in school rely on each other to do their jobs correctly and with integrity （正直）. The challenge is that our expectations are very diverse based on our unique backgrounds.At one school where I taught, each teacher had different expectations about how much extra effort teachers should put into their work-a big difference between the teachers who left after the last bell and those who worked into the evening. And when expectations are unconscious or unspoken, it becomes impossible for others to live up to them.We also make assumptions about the intentions behind a person's behavior. As we all know, assumptions are often wrong. For example, parents and teachers may think the principal made a particular decision based on his career advancement rather than what's best for the students. If we don't feel psychologically safe to question our assumptions and expectations, trust flies out the window and our relationships suffer.According to Bryk and Schneider, what was most important for successful school improvement?