Political risks such as war, quotas, foreign exchange control ; commercial risks like market change and exchange rate fluctuations; and even language barriers all add up to the problems in international trade. Because of these problems and risks, exporters are hesitant to release their goods before receiving payment, while importers prefer to have control over the goods before parting with their money.

除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。

经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。

合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。

控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一，而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方面。

信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。

institutional investors

private carrier

compensation trade

beneficiary