(中译英)国际收支

(中译英)进口关税

(中译英)智囊团

Passage 1Nations with serious debt problems, such as Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, have been compelled to devote almost all their export earnings to debt service, leaving themselves with virtually no surplus to pay for imports With barter, however, debtor nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors.But countertrade is not the exclusive province of debtor nations. Says Yottie, "Even countries with strong foreign exchange positions, such as Australia, Canada and Indonesia,are insisting on countertrade in certain areas. Linking imports and exports is a way to exert power over multinational corporations. Countries that lack expertise in international marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the networks of 【global firms】".36.How can nations with serious debt problems benefit from barter?

Passage 1Nations with serious debt problems, such as Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, have been compelled to devote almost all their export earnings to debt service, leaving themselves with virtually no surplus to pay for imports With barter, however, debtor nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors.But countertrade is not the exclusive province of debtor nations. Says Yottie, "Even countries with strong foreign exchange positions, such as Australia, Canada and Indonesia,are insisting on countertrade in certain areas. Linking imports and exports is a way to exert power over multinational corporations. Countries that lack expertise in international marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the networks of 【global firms】".37.What does"global firms"refer to?

Passage 1Nations with serious debt problems, such as Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, have been compelled to devote almost all their export earnings to debt service, leaving themselves with virtually no surplus to pay for imports With barter, however, debtor nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors.But countertrade is not the exclusive province of debtor nations. Says Yottie, "Even countries with strong foreign exchange positions, such as Australia, Canada and Indonesia,are insisting on countertrade in certain areas. Linking imports and exports is a way to exert power over multinational corporations. Countries that lack expertise in international marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the networks of 【global firms】".38.What's meant by "tap the networks of global firms"?

Passage 2The pattern of China's foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the people's Republic. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country's industrialization program which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry. The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances. Economic problems were 【exacerbated】 by three bad harvests with the result that national incomne and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.The withdrawal cf Soviet economic and technical aid in the early 1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent theme of China's foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries.The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.39.What's the meaning of "the pattern of China's foreign trade"?

Passage 2The pattern of China's foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the people's Republic. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country's industrialization program which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry. The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances. Economic problems were 【exacerbated】 by three bad harvests with the result that national incomne and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.The withdrawal cf Soviet economic and technical aid in the early 1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent theme of China's foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries.The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.40.What kind of clause is introduced by "when"in the sentence of the third paragraph? An adverbial clause or an attributive one?

Passage 2The pattern of China's foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the people's Republic. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country's industrialization program which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry. The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances. Economic problems were 【exacerbated】 by three bad harvests with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.The withdrawal cf Soviet economic and technical aid in the early 1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent theme of China's foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries.The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.41.What's the meaning of "exacerbated"?

China's chemical fiber output is expected to reach 41 million tons by 2015 while its production capacity will hit 46 million tons, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said Thursday. The country targets an &-percent growth in value-added output of the chemical fiber industry according to a guideline issued Tuesday by the ministry regarding boosting the sector's development. Over the next four years, the chemical fiber companies will strengthen their abilities to self-innovate push forward technological advances, promote energy conservation and the circular economy, according to the guideline. The industry will see better product structures and.a sharp rise in its production capacity of highperfor- chemical fibers by2015, the guideline said.