coupon

visible trade

countervailing duty

Passage 1 China remains primarily a nation of farmers,and the transition to an industrial free market is much like the traffic on Highway 204——unpredictable. Few state-owned firms have been sold,and most are laggard behemoths. Growth is driven by new joint ventures, collectives and private businesses, which now account for more than 50% of China's industrial production. For China's newly-rising enterprises, profits are up throughout the region—thanks largely to low wages. Last year the BeiBei company cleared $14 million on exports of 10 million pairs of shoes to U. S. department stores. China's low wages give China a huge competitive advantage. Just two years ago South Korean manufactures were flourishing on contracts from Nike and Adidas. Since then much of the business has shifted to China, dealing a hard blow to the South Korean shoe industry. Why state-owned firms are described as laggard behemoths?

Passage 1 China remains primarily a nation of farmers,and the transition to an industrial free market is much like the traffic on Highway 204——unpredictable. Few state-owned firms have been sold,and most are laggard behemoths. Growth is driven by new joint ventures, collectives and private businesses, which now account for more than 50% of China's industrial production. For China's newly-rising enterprises, profits are up throughout the region—thanks largely to low wages. Last year the BeiBei company cleared $14 million on exports of 10 million pairs of shoes to U. S. department stores. China's low wages give China a huge competitive advantage. Just two years ago South Korean manufactures were flourishing on contracts from Nike and Adidas. Since then much of the business has shifted to China, dealing a hard blow to the South Korean shoe industry. Please explain"cleared ＄14 million on exports".

Passage 1 China remains primarily a nation of farmers,and the transition to an industrial free market is much like the traffic on Highway 204——unpredictable. Few state-owned firms have been sold,and most are laggard behemoths. Growth is driven by new joint ventures, collectives and private businesses, which now account for more than 50% of China's industrial production. For China's newly-rising enterprises, profits are up throughout the region—thanks largely to low wages. Last year the BeiBei company cleared $14 million on exports of 10 million pairs of shoes to U. S. department stores. China's low wages give China a huge competitive advantage. Just two years ago South Korean manufactures were flourishing on contracts from Nike and Adidas. Since then much of the business has shifted to China, dealing a hard blow to the South Korean shoe industry. Find a synonym to replace"shift" in the context.

Passage 2 Growth in output in East Asia, supported by the continued vibrant performance of the region's exports, particularly in China, accelerated to about 6. 8 per cent in 1991. Despite the slowdown in industrial-country markets, export volumes for the group of East Asian countries advanced at double-digit rates, implying gains in market share. The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness in world trade flows. Economic weakness in some of the region's traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification, including a further strengthening of ties within the region. The GDP growth rate in 1991 in the South Asia region was 2. 8% down. The decline was partly caused by India's reining in of its budget deficit and the short-term effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures, which coupled with the collapse of the Soviet market and recession in the U. S. The emergency measures included a severe compression of imports, tight credit policies and exchange rate devaluation. What is market diversification?

Passage 2 Growth in output in East Asia, supported by the continued vibrant performance of the region's exports, particularly in China, accelerated to about 6. 8 per cent in 1991. Despite the slowdown in industrial-country markets, export volumes for the group of East Asian countries advanced at double-digit rates, implying gains in market share. The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness in world trade flows. Economic weakness in some of the region's traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification, including a further strengthening of ties within the region. The GDP growth rate in 1991 in the South Asia region was 2. 8% down. The decline was partly caused by India's reining in of its budget deficit and the short-term effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures, which coupled with the collapse of the Soviet market and recession in the U. S. The emergency measures included a severe compression of imports, tight credit policies and exchange rate devaluation. What's the meaning of "reining in"in the context?

Passage 2 Growth in output in East Asia, supported by the continued vibrant performance of the region's exports, particularly in China, accelerated to about 6. 8 per cent in 1991. Despite the slowdown in industrial-country markets, export volumes for the group of East Asian countries advanced at double-digit rates, implying gains in market share. The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness in world trade flows. Economic weakness in some of the region's traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification, including a further strengthening of ties within the region. The GDP growth rate in 1991 in the South Asia region was 2. 8% down. The decline was partly caused by India's reining in of its budget deficit and the short-term effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures, which coupled with the collapse of the Soviet market and recession in the U. S. The emergency measures included a severe compression of imports, tight credit policies and exchange rate devaluation. What's the main content of the emergency stabilization measures?

World economic growth remains generally sluggish and has been at its weakest in manufacturing, as opposed to the services sector. Uncertainties over the future of the US recovery and slow growth in Europe are keeping demands for key industrial raw materials relatively depressed. In many of the newer and heavily-indebted industrial countries,commodity consumption has been squeezed, as a result of official austerity programmes. Developing states have had to maximize commodity exports in order to keep up their foreign exchange earnings and offset the decline in unit commodity prices. This, in turn, has aggravated over-supply problems. It's true of Chile in the copper market, as it is of Brazil in soybeans or Malaysia in palm oil.